Grant et al (1998)

Question 1

what is context dependent memory

Answer 1

the idea that we recall information best if we return to the same context

Question 2

describe Godden and Baddeley (1975)

Answer 2

divers learnt words in two natural environments
- dry land and underwater
recalled the words in either the environment of original learning or the alternative environment. (lists learnt underwater recalled significantly better underwater, lists learnt on dry land recalled significantly better on dry land)

Question 3

describe Smith (1988)

Answer 3

smiths ‘outshining hypothesis’
- although the context is important for recall, the way we are tested is also important. Multiple choice questions will outshine any cues from being back in the original environment of learning

Question 4

experimental design of study

Answer 4

independent measures

Question 5

aims of study

Answer 5

tested to see whether the kind of context-dependency effect would also be seen in relation to the type of meaningful prose presented in many academic courses

Question 6

sample of study

Answer 6

-17-56 years
-17 females, 23 males
- data analysed for only 39 participants as one had atypically low scores

Question 7

type of sampling

Answer 7

snowball (eight student researchers each recruited 5 acquaintances)

Question 8

describe stage 1 of the procedure

Answer 8

• participants read short article on psychoimmunology (interesting and understandable)
• studied in either noise or silence condition
• then had 2 minute break

Question 9

describe the independent variable

Answer 9

four conditions
- noise-noise
-noise-silent
-silent-silent
-silent-noise
noise: background noise from a university cafeteria, wearing headphones
silent: silence + wearing headphones

Question 10

describe stage 2

Answer 10

• participants given two sets of questions to answer about article
• in either silent or noise conditions
• all took same tests in same order
• consisted of:
  recall test (10 short answer Qs)
  recognition test (16 multiple choice Qs)

Question 11

results (recall test)

Answer 11

test taken in silence + article read in silence- recall 6.7/10
test taken with noise + article read in silence- recall 4.6/10

Question 12

results (recognition test)

Answer 12

test taken in silence + article read in silence- recognition 14.3/16
test taken in noise + article read in silence- recognition 12.7/16