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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lectures 81 - 83 > Flashcards

Lectures 81 - 83 Flashcards

1
Q

A ___________ is a localizable region of the nervous system that is dysfunctional ordamaged

A

lesion

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2
Q

A lesion can be________________________

A

unilateral or bilateral

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3
Q

what is the first step in a general neuro exam?

A

Onset: What was the initial abnormality (problem) observed by the owner?

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4
Q

what is the 2nd step in a general neuro exam?

A

Duration: what was the abnormality initially observed?

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5
Q

What is the 3rd step in a general neuro exam?

A

Progression: how has the character of the problem or the patient’s condition changed since the problem was initially identified

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6
Q

What is the final step in a general neuro exam?

A

Disease course: Acute, chronic, progressive or nonprogressive, continuous etc.

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7
Q

what is EAD

A

Exam at a distance: patient observed for abnormalities

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8
Q

what will you look at for EAD

A

Mental status/ behavior, posture/gait, muscle tone, size and symmetry, eyes, function(eating, drinking, defecation, resp, ambulation)

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9
Q

What could effect a gait?

A

° Toxins affected Ach
° CNS
° Lesion
° UMN/LMN damage

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10
Q

what would you say to describe mental status?

A

WNL, obtunded, stuporous, comatose, seizuring, inappropriate/abnormal other

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11
Q

What do you need to make sure you look at during an EAD

A

Ocular exam

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12
Q

What do you need to look for during an EAD ocular exam

A

• Strabismus
• Nystagmus
• Enophthalmos
• Exophthalmos
• Ptosis
• Blepharospasm
• Lagophthalmus
• Elevated
• Mydriasis
• Miosis
• Anisocoria

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13
Q

what is strabismus

A

non-alignment of the eye

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14
Q

what is nystagmus

A

involuntary eye deviations

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15
Q

what is Enophthalmos?

A

posterior displacementof globe

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16
Q

what is exopthalmos

A

anterior displacementof globe

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17
Q

what is ptosis

A

drooping of upper eyelid

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18
Q

what is blepharospasm

A

twitching eyelid

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19
Q

what is lagophtalmus?

A

eyelids can’t close

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20
Q

what is mydriasis?

A

Pupil dilated

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21
Q

what is miosis

A

pupil constricted

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22
Q

what is anisocoria?

A

unequal pupil size

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23
Q

what nerve is affected in B, D and C?

A

B: paralysis of the oculomotor nerve
D: paralysis of the trochlear neurons CN 111, Oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, abducent nerve
C: Paralysis of abducens neurons

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24
Q

what are you looking at to check posture?

A

head tilt, tremors, hunched back, stance

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25
Q

Pupillary Light Reflex ________________ pupil size (constriction) -reduces the amount of light that enters the eye. Retina,Optic Nerve, Chiasm & Tracts and Midbrain

A

Decreases

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26
Q

Pupillary light response: Optic tract contains a mixture of ___________________ fibers

A

‘PLR’ and ‘vision’

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27
Q

‘PLR’ fibers (20%) go to _____________________ and move to rostralcolliculus (bypass the LGN

A

midbrain pretectal nucleus

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28
Q

‘PLR’ fibers (20%) go to midbrain pretectal nucleus and move to ?

A

rostral colliculus (bypass the LGN

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29
Q

80% of vision fibers go where?

A

To LGN in the thalamus

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30
Q

Where is the AP generated during rapid adaptation to changing light conditions?

A

retina

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31
Q

The light during PLR travel through CN2 continue both?

A

optic tracts

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32
Q

Rapid adaptation to changing light conditions: AP generated in retina travel through CN2 continue both optic tracts go to thalamus to ________________________

A

LGN and enter pretectal area in midbrain

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33
Q

Rapid adaptation to changing light conditions: Where do synapses occur for PLR?

A

protectal area in midbrain (LGN)

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34
Q

Rapid adaptation to changing light conditions: Synapses of PLR occur in LGN and pretectal neurons cross to caudal commissure and synapse onto?

A

° GVE
° PSNS
° LMNs

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35
Q

Rapid adaptation to changing light conditions: Synapses of PLR occur in LGN and pretectal neurons cross to caudal commissure and synapse onto GVE PSNS LMNs in ?

A

contralateral oculomotor nucleus ofmidbrain

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36
Q

Synapses of PLR occur in LGN and pretectal neurons cross to caudal commissure and synapse onto GVE PSNS LMNs in contralateral oculomotor nucleus of midbrain. What happens next?

A

Constrict pupillary muscles in iris

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37
Q

Smaller number neurons project to ipsilateral oculomotor nucleus - - the light results in ___________________

A

consensual response

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38
Q

PLR: Direct light to eye evaluate direct and __________________________

A

consensual response

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39
Q

PLR: because midbrain decussation at commissure,______________________ receives greater PNS stimulation

A

CN 2 on ipsilateral side

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40
Q

PLR: Lesions restricted to visual pathways in cerebrum can cause ____________ but PLR intact

A

blindness

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41
Q

If there is a lesion and the OS menace response is present but OD menace response is absent where is the lesion?

A

Right optic nerve

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42
Q

If there is a lesion and the OS menace is present and the OD menace is present but the OD pupil is completely dilated where is the lesion?

A

Right cranial nerve

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43
Q

PLR is a polysynaptic reflex meaning it has more than

A

2 neurons

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44
Q

where are photoreceptors located

A

Retinal ganglion cell

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45
Q

what is the PLR process?

A

Retinal ganglion cell- optic nerve-optic chiasm-optic tract- LGN (midbrain)- pretectal nucleus- edinger-westphal nucleus- ciliary ganglion- short ciliary nerve and finally sphincter pupillae

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46
Q

Pretectal nucleus controls PSNS which controls

A

pupillary constriction via ciliary ganglion

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47
Q

Why can a blind animal still have a positive PLR?

A

Light gets to pretectal nucleus and controls ciliary ganglion

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48
Q

Initiates compensating eye movement to keep vision fixed when head turns

A

Vestibulo-ocular Reflex

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49
Q

equilibrium

A

the sense of motion, body orientation, and balance

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50
Q

hearing and auditory system: Both transduced n inner eye

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

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51
Q

PLR: what should you expect to see

A

direct response (eye with light constricts) and intact neural pathway (consensual response: other eye constricts)

52
Q

Where is the receptor for balance and posture?

A

in fluid-filled lumen comprising labyrinth in petrous portion of temporal bone

53
Q

Large vestibule with three ________________________-(anterior, posterior,lateral); right angle orientation

A

semi-circular canals

54
Q

Dilations are called?

A

Ampullae

55
Q

Inner ear: connective tissue tubes within bony labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

56
Q

Bony labyrinths contain _____________

A

Perilymph (ECF/CSF)

57
Q

Semicircular canals contain _________________

A

endolymph (similar to ICF, high in K+)

58
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with PLR PSNS to cause the constriction

A

CN III Oculomotor

59
Q

Rotation of the head around any plane causes endolymph to __________________

A

‘flow”(displacement)

60
Q

SNS controls __________

A

dilation

61
Q

At one end of each CC duct lies the ampulla - ____________________

A

contains crista, lined with columnar neuroepithelial cells

62
Q

On surface of crista is cupula (contains ‘hair cells and _____________”)

A

KINOCILIUM

63
Q

Auditory: Filaments extend into the cupula where _____________________

A

endolymph flows

64
Q

Deflection of filaments - - leads to activation of ____________________

A

ionotropic receptors

65
Q

Can you get a positive PLR in the left eye if there is a right optic nerve lesion?

A

YES (cross over/chiasm not blocked)

66
Q

what controls balance and posture?

A

Vestibular

67
Q

what are the vestibular receptors?

A

Three semicircular ducts, vestibule

68
Q

Vestibular system is

A

Tonically active

69
Q

Auditory canal is connected to

A

vestibular apparatus

70
Q

Vestibular reflex is a

A

voluntary response

71
Q

Voluntary reflex can also do

A

predictive inputs (bracing for a turn/standing)

72
Q

Vestibular: Graded potentials are generated or inhibited on _____________sides of the head

A

opposite

73
Q

How many semicircular canals are there?

A

3 on each side (bilateral)

74
Q

Each canal of the semi-circular canal has a “specific” job. This is called?

A

Angular acceleration

75
Q

What does angular acceleration feel/adjust of the 2 semi-circular canal? vestibular apparatus maintains equilibrium and balance during?

A

• Forward movement
• Head rotation
• Tilting of the head or trunk

76
Q

Each semi-circular canal has its own

A

endolymph (aqueous solution)

77
Q

The vestibular system is a

A

synergistic pair

78
Q

Vestibular: When movement in one direction stimulates _______________ on one side of head, it inhibits excitation on the other side

A

excitation

79
Q

Vestibular: Produces a jerk __________(involuntary movement of the eyes) = normal nystagmus

A

nystagmus

80
Q

Vestibular: Slow phase (in one direction) and fast phase (in opposite direction).• Direction of nystagmus is direction of

A

fast phase

81
Q

• Crista ampullaris
• Sense angular acceleration
Are what?

A

Three semicircular ducts

82
Q

What are the two macula in the vestibule?

A

Macula saccule and macula utricle

83
Q

Macula saccule and macula utricle: sense what?

A

static equilibrium/balance and linear acceleration

84
Q

what is the 1st order neuron of vestibular apparatus?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve(VIII) and vestibular ganglion
• Special proprioception (SSA)

85
Q

Vestibulocochlear nerve(VIII) and vestibular ganglion
• Special proprioception (SSA)
After the 1sr order neuron what happens next?

A

Travel to medulla or directly to cerebellum

86
Q

2nd order neuron of vestibular apparatus:

A

vestibular nuclei in medulla

87
Q

What macula senses vertical (static equilibrium)

A

Macula saccule

88
Q

what macula senses horizontal (linear acceleration)

A

Macula utricle

89
Q

Vestibulospinal tract

A

Ipsilateral ventral funiculus

90
Q

Vestibulospinal tract does what to muscles?

A

Activates extensors and inhibits flexors (LMN)

91
Q

where is crista ampullaris found?

A

in the semicircular ducts

92
Q

Crista ampullaris is bathes in?

A

endolymph (high in K+)

93
Q

Crista ampullaris has

A

Stereocilia tip towards kinocilium to induce AP

94
Q

Crista ampullaris Lag behind endolymph during movement. Once the stereocilia tip is towards kinocilium it knows that?

A

standing upright

95
Q

Macula Saccule and Macula Utricle have what?

A

Hair cells imbedded in gelatinous layer with otoliths

96
Q

Macula Saccule and Macula Utricle: What weighs down otolith membrane and stimulate hair cells?

A

Otoliths

97
Q

Macula receptors: Positioned on the surface of saclike structure covered in membrano-gelatinous ‘goo” called

A

statoconiorum

98
Q

Macula: Contains columnar epithelial cells

A

(neuroepithelium with stereocilia)

99
Q

On top of macula Contains columnar epithelial cells: On top lies?

A

calcareous crystalline bodies (otoliths AKA statoconia)

100
Q

Macula: Displacement of the statoconia leads to

A

filament displacement

101
Q

Vestibular disease:

A

deficit in synergistic pairing

102
Q

Vestibular disease

A

• Loss of coordination: Abnormal posture/ataxia
• Difficulty standing/leaning/rolling/falling
• Circling (toward affected side)
• Head tilt
• Nystagmus

103
Q

What is the main hair cell of the vestibular apparatus?

A

kinocilium connect to nerve cells

104
Q

When stereocilia bends the kinocilium bends towards it this causes a?

A

depolarization

105
Q

when stereocilia bends in an opposite direction (AWAY) of kinocilium this causes a?

A

Hyperpolarization

106
Q

When the endolymph moves in semi-circular duct due to movement of horizontal plane this causes?

A

inertia of endolymph will cause the kinocilium to move in same direction

107
Q

If i spin to the right the endolymph fluid of the semicircular ducts flows in the same way (pushing cilia in the same direction) in the LEFT side of the head the endolymph goes in the

A

OPPOSITE direction causing kinocilium and stereocilia to go in opposite direction

108
Q

One side depolarizes the other side?

A

hyperpolarizes

109
Q

When the vestibular apparatus does not have opposite AP this causes?

A

Vestibular deficits

110
Q

Tonically active (always an AP on each side)

A

Vestibular apparatus

111
Q

vestibular apparatus can sense ________________ because they are tonically active

A

Increase and decrease (AP frequency)

112
Q

A circling animal has a head tilt towards the lesion because semi-circular canal is not in a

A

synergic pair (this is a vestibular deficit)

113
Q

What will happen to extensors and flexors when there is a right vestibular lesion?

A

° Reduced extensor (increased flexor) tone on right side
° Increased extensor tone on left side

114
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus found where?

A

medulla

115
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus receives input from

A

vestibular apparatus and can control UMN

116
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus does what?

A

Coordinate eye movement with movement of head

117
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus• Goes to CNs III, IV, VI which innervate?

A

Extraocular muscles

118
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus Coordinate eye movement with movement of head

A

Vestibular-ocular reflex

119
Q

Vestibular apparatus sends information to Medial longitudinal fasciculus to control

A

involuntary movement in UMN

120
Q

Macula Saccule and Macula Utricle have otoliths. Gravity affects these otoliths which

A

stimulate hair cell

121
Q

Semi-circular canals

A

angular acceleration

122
Q

which macula senses vertical

A

Macula saccule

123
Q

Which macula senses horizontal?

A

Macula utricle

124
Q

Static equilibrium

A

Macula saccule: vertical

125
Q

Linear acceleration

A

Macula utricle: horizontal

126
Q

Each semi-circular canal has its own

A

endolyphm

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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