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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 79 > Flashcards

Lecture 79 Flashcards

1
Q

Hearing and equilibrium is borth transduced in inner ear. ___________ CN?

A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

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2
Q

passageways in petrous temporal bone

A

Bony labyrinth

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3
Q

connective tissue tubes within bony labyrinth

A

Membranous labyrinth

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4
Q

Membranous labyrinth: Filled with endolymph (blue fluid): similar to intracellular fluid, ___________ in K+

A

HIGH

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5
Q

Membranous labyrinth: Floating in perilymph (green fluid): similar to cerebrospinal fluid ___________ in K+

A

LOW

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6
Q

___________ is high in K+

A

endolymph

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7
Q

___________ is low on K+

A

Perilymph

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8
Q

organ of hearing

A

Cochlea

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9
Q

dorsal chamber

A

Scala vestibuli

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10
Q

Scala vestibuli is filled with ___________

A

perilymph

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11
Q

Scala vestibuli: Begins at ___________ and spirals to apex

A

Oval window

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12
Q

Ventral chamber

A

Scala tympani

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13
Q

scala tympani is filled with

A

perilymph

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14
Q

Scala tympani begins at apex and ends at ___________ (secondary tympanic membrane)

A

round window

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15
Q

___________ triangular middle chamber

A

Scala media

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16
Q

scala media is filled with

A

endolymph (K+ rich)

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17
Q

Stereocilia of hair cells of Organ of Corti are embedded in the ___________

A

tectorial membrane

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18
Q

Transducers of vibration “hair cells” on them (mechanoreceptors)

A

Organ of corti

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19
Q

Transduction: Inner hair cells contain ___________ at their tips and tip link proteins that connect them

A

ion channels

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20
Q

Transduction:

A
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21
Q

When the basilar membrane moves up,hair cells are pushed into ___________ and their tips are tilted,pulling tip links

A

tectorial membrane

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22
Q

Transduction: Tip links pull open ion channel allowing K+ to diffuse into the hair cell and ___________

A

depolarize it

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23
Q

Transduction: Hair cells releases neurotransmitter from their base, exciting the ___________

A

cochlear branch of CN VIII

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24
Q

conditions interfere with transmission of vibrations to inner ear

A

Conductive deafness

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25
Q

examples of conduction deafness

A

Damaged tympanic membrane, Otitis media, Tumors, polyps, Other causes of middle ear effusions (fluid)

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26
Q

death of hair cells, CNVIII, or any CNS system elements concerned with hearing

A

Sensorineural (nerve) deafness

27
Q

Examples of sensorineural deafness

A

Genetic (congenital), Geriatric (age-related), Acquired (infections, trauma, loud noises, tumor)

28
Q

Auditory pathway: Cochlear n. ___________ order neuron

A

1st order neuron

29
Q

Auditory pathway: ___________ in medulla

A

Cochlear nuclei

30
Q

Auditory pathway: ___________ (dorsal nucleus of the trapezoid body (superiorolivary nucleus) to the Decussate to the DNTB or lateral lemniscus)

A

2nd order neurons

31
Q

Auditory pathway: Caudal colliculus

A

tectospinal tract

32
Q

Auditory Pathway: Medial geniculate nucleus

A

primary auditory cortex (temporal lobe)

33
Q

Olfaction and Gustation: Receptors are

A

chemoreceptors

34
Q

Olfaction and Gustation: Transduce chemical signals into

A

electric signals

35
Q

Olfaction and Gustation: ___________ cell is primary afferent neuron itself

A

Olfactory receptor cell

36
Q

___________ is a specialized epithelial cell (‘sense organ’) thattransduces chemical signals and then sends electrical signals to aprimary afferent neuron

A

Gustatory receptor

37
Q

During sniffing it brings odorants into

A

Olfactory areas (unidirectional laminar flow)

38
Q

Olfactory receptors only lineolfactory epithelium on

A

ethmoturbinates

39
Q

Rest of turbinate lining is made up of respiratory epithelium means ___________

A

No olfactory capability

40
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

primaryafferent neuron (Bipolar)

41
Q

Odorant molecules bind to receptors located on ___________ that protrude into the nasal cavity

A

cilia

42
Q

Olfactory epithelium contains 3 cells which are

A

olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells

43
Q

Olfactory transduction: First, Odorant binds ___________ on olfactory receptor cell

A

GPCR

44
Q

Olfactory transduction: Then the G-protein subunit activates ___________ which converts ATP to cAMP (acyclic nucleotide

A

adenylyl cyclase

45
Q

Olfactory transduction: Third step, cAMP opens Ca, K, Na channels. There is an EFFLUX OF?

A

CL-

46
Q

Olfactory transduction: CL- efflux causes membrane depolarization and the ___________

A

Action potential generated in olfactory neuron’s axon

47
Q

1st order neuron throughcribiform plate to ___________

A

olfactory bulb

48
Q

Olfactory bulb ___________ process, filter, and enhance transmission of specific odorants

A

interneurons

49
Q

2nd order neuron = ___________ (Axons project to cerebrum)

A

Mitral cell

50
Q

Olfactory pathway: ___________ path to olfactory cortex(piriform lobe)

A

Direct

51
Q

Olfactory pathway: Transmission through thalamus is ___________

A

not required

52
Q

Connected to the nasal and the oral cavity via the nasopalatine ducts (NPD); Pheromones are introduced to the NPD through inhalation in some species and through liquid/mucus in others; VNO fibers to accessory olfactory bulb and then on to the olfactory cortex

A

Vomeronasal organ

53
Q

___________ is the sensory organ for taste?

A

Taste buds

54
Q

___________ are found on the gustatory papillae of the tongue

A

Circumvallate (Vallate); Foliate; Fungiform

55
Q

Taste buds are the ___________ for taste

A

sensory organs

56
Q

Taste receptor cells have microvilli that contain the taste ___________

A

chemoreceptors

57
Q

For bitter, sweet or savory tatse the receptor cell is

A

depolarized

58
Q

For sour or salty taste the receptor cell is also depolarized because

A

Chemicals bind and directly openionotropic epithelial sodium channelsto allow H+ or Na+ to enter,respectively

59
Q

for bitter, sweet and savory they bind to GPCRs and this increases IP3 and DAG and opens

A

TRP channels

60
Q

sour and salty taste enters through membrane Na channels (___________)and cause depolarization

A

ENaC

61
Q

Primary afferent axons of these first order taste neurons are in cranial nerves ___________

A

IX, VII, and X

62
Q

Afferent axons enter the brainstem and reach second order neurons in the

A

solitary nucleusof the medulla

63
Q

Second order neurons send axonal projections to ___________ in the thalamus

A

third order neurons

64
Q

Third order neurons project to the ___________ of the temporal lobe

A

taste cortex

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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