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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 74 > Flashcards

Lecture 74 Flashcards

1
Q

Major role in regulation of sleep and wakefullness

A

Melatonin

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2
Q

Melatonin is produced by the _______ located behind the 3rd ventricle

A

Pineal gland

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3
Q

Melatonin is synthesized from _______ with serotonin as an intermediate

A

Tryptophan

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4
Q

_______ kind of light suppresses melatonin?

A

Blue light

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5
Q

Blue light is photic information from the retina transmitted to hypothalamus and SNS via the _______ then to pineal gland

A

Supra-chiasmatic nucleus

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6
Q

Secretion of melatonin is regulated by _______?

A

Light

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7
Q

Melatonin is stimulated by?

A

Darkness

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8
Q

Melatonin is inhibited by?

A

Light

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9
Q

In the darkness retinal photoreceptors release norepinephrine, which activates _______ in the pineal gland

A

Beta adrenergic receptors

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10
Q

In the darkness _______ is converted to melatonin

A

Serotonin

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11
Q

Retinal photoreceptor cells become _______ in the light which inhibits release of norepinephrine

A

Hyperpolarized

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12
Q

Can blind animals still have light-induced suppression of melatonin?

A

YES

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13
Q

Circadian rhythm of melatonin secretion is controlled by _______ in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus

A

endogenous pacemaker

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14
Q

T/F: environmental lighting does not alter timing of circadian rhythm

A

F

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15
Q

Day light cycles can modify?

A

timing of circadian rhythm

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16
Q

brief _______ of light suppress melatonin

A

pulses

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17
Q

When is the peak secretion of melatonin?

A

around 2-4 am

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18
Q

Shifts in melatonin secretion after flights across time zones and night shift works can?

A

After melatonin and circadian rhythm

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19
Q

Melatonin increases until _______ age then it declines?

A

1-3 yrs old

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20
Q

Melatonin activates _______ and _______ receptors

A

MT1, MT2

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21
Q

sleep, circadian rhythm, mood, sexual maturation, reproduction, anti-inflammatory, cancer and aging. _______ regulates/ affects these?

A

Actions of melatonin

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22
Q

Melatonin affects speed of falling asleep and duration?

A

quality of sleep

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23
Q

Abnormal circadian rhythms are implicated in

A

mood disorders

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24
Q

Bright-light therapy can _______ depression and help seasonal affective disorder

A

decrease

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25
Q

Hours of darkness/season linked to

A

reproductive activity

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26
Q

In mares and their estrus cycle melatonin _______ during long winter nights

A

increases

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27
Q

In the spring melatonin decreases which increases _______ in mares?

28
Q

Decreases in melatonin at puberty activates _______?

A

Pituitary gonadal axis

29
Q

Melatonin can affect _______ synthesis and modulate ovarian function

A

Sex steroid hormone

30
Q

The ovaries have _______ for melatonin which can stimulate progesterone synthesis

31
Q

Melatonin can be used to treat _______ in dogs

A

Alopecia X

32
Q

Melatonin may decrease GnRH in dogs with alopecia which decreases LH/FSH effects on

A

adrenal androgen precursors

33
Q

Melatonin can decrease anxiety and?

A

seizure activity

34
Q

Melatonin has short-term side effects such as?

A

Sedation and incoordination

35
Q

Group of signaling molecules synthesized by oxidation of 20-carbon essential fatty acids (EFA)

A

Eicosanoids

36
Q

Omega-3 EFAs yield eicosapentaenoic acid which is _______ inflammatory

37
Q

Omega-6 EFAs yield arachidonic acid- _______ inflammatory

38
Q

Omega-3 FA yield?

A

eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)

39
Q

Omega-3 FA yield eicosapentaenoic acid which has how many bonds?

A

5 double bonds

40
Q

Omega-3 FA yield eicosapentaenoic acid is used to synthesize?

A

Prostanoids with 3 double bonds and leukotrienes with 5 double bonds

41
Q

Prostanoids with _______ bonds synthesized by eicosapentaenoic acid

42
Q

Leukotrienes with _______ bonds synthesized by eicosapentaenoic acid

43
Q

Omega-6 FAs yield?

A

Arachidonic acid

44
Q

Omega-6 FAs yield Arachidonic acid with _______

A

4 double bonds

45
Q

Omega-6 FAs yield Arachidonic acid synthesize prostanoids with _______

A

2 double bonds

46
Q

Omega-6 FAs yield Arachidonic acid synthesize leukotrienes with _______

A

4 double bonds

47
Q

eicosapentaenoic acid form mostly

A

prostanoids

48
Q

eicosapentaenoic acid major function?

A

Dampen inflammatory effects of arachidonic acid prostanoids

49
Q

Arachidonic acid mostly form _______ prostanoids?

A

Prostaglandins (PG), Prostacyclins (PGI), Thromboxanes (TX)

50
Q

Arachidonic acid mostly form _______?

A

Prostanoids, Leukotrienes (LTs ), Lipoxins (LXs)

51
Q

Arachidonic acid overall effects?

A

Stimulate inflammatory responses, modulate pain and fever, repro functions, inhibit gastric acid secretion, blood pressure regulation, Platelet activation/inhibition

52
Q

_______ are the dietary precursors for arachidonic acid?

A

Linoleic acid (18 C EFA) and Gamma linolenic acid

53
Q

Cats cant convert linoleic acid to arachidonic acid due to ?

A

Low 6-desaturase enzyme

54
Q

_______ releases arachidonic acid from phospholipids in cell membrane

A

Phospholipase A2

55
Q

Arachidonic acid will be oxygenated by:

A

Cyclooxygenase and Lipooxygenase

56
Q

Cyclooxygenase (COX 1 and COX 2) to make

A

prostanoids

57
Q

lipoxygenase (5LOX) to make

A

leukotrines

58
Q

Major prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid

A

PGE2, PHI2 and TXA2

59
Q

Major actions of prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid include local hormones with

A

autocrine and paracrine action

60
Q

Major actions of prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid have a _______ half life

61
Q

Major actions of prostanoids derived from arachidonic acid are mediated by

A

specific receptors and inflammation

62
Q

smooth muscle contraction, bronchoconstriction, pain, heat and fever

63
Q

Vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation

64
Q

Vasoconstriction, stimulate platelet aggregation

65
Q

NSAIDS can inhibit _______?

A

Prostanoid formation

66
Q

NSAIDS that inhibit COX1 and COX2

A

aspirin, carprofen, ibuprofen etc.

67
Q

NSAIDS that inhibit only COX2 have

A

Less side effects (Firocoxib, previcox, meloxicam, metacam, etc.)

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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