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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 69 > Flashcards

Lecture 69 Flashcards

1
Q

located in the retroperitoneal cavity above each kidney

A

adrenal glands

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2
Q

the adrenal gland consist of two separate glands known as

A

Medulla and cortex

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3
Q

Adrenal cortex produces

A

mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, androgens

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4
Q

Adrenal medulla produces __________ neurocrines

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

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5
Q

the adrenal medulla is located in the __________ of the gland surrounded by the cortex

A

inner zone

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6
Q

The adrenal medulla receives input from SNS via preganglionic fibers originating in the thoracic spinal cord- considered a

A

specialized sympathetic ganglion

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7
Q

Chromaffin cells secrete catecholamines:

A

EPI and NE

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8
Q

Half life of catecholamines

A

2 minutes

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9
Q

catecholamines are released into blood- medulla has a

A

very dense supply

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10
Q

Epi acts on __________ adrenergic receptors

A

ALL alpha and beta

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11
Q

NE acts on alpha 1 and 2, and

A

Beta-1 receptors

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12
Q

zona reticularis releases

A

androgens

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13
Q

zona fasciculata releases

A

Glucocorticoids

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14
Q

Zona glomerulosa releases

A

mineralocorticoids

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15
Q

catecholamines are

A

water-soluble substances

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16
Q

predominant catecholamine synthesized is __________ (80 percent)

A

Epi

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17
Q

How much NE is released?

A

20 percent

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18
Q

Enzyme phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT) converts NE to epi under?

A

the influence of cortisol

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19
Q

__________ converts NE to EPI

A

PNMT

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20
Q

Under the influence of cortisol epi is able to reach medulla in increase conc and upregulates

A

PNMT

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21
Q

Epi is stored in granules and released when activated by

A

SNS

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22
Q

All epi originated from

A

Adrenal medulla

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23
Q

Most NE originates from sympathetic nerve terminals and brain

A

only small amount from adrenal medulla

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24
Q

Target tissue of catecholamines:

A

Muscle cells and liver

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25
Q

Most metabolism of catecholamines occurs in

A

liver and kidneys

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26
Q

Alpha 1 receptors activate production of DAG and IP3 leading to an

A

increase in intracellular calcium ions

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27
Q

catecholamines are secreted in response to fight or flight in response to:

A

Anticipation of danger, trauma, pain etc.

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28
Q

Catecholamines increase

A

heart rate, cardiac output and BP

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29
Q

Zona glomerulosa major hormone

A

Aldosterone

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30
Q

Zona fasciculata major hormone

A

Cortisol in humans, dogs, cats, horses, sheep and cows

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31
Q

Corticosterone in rats, mice and rabbits

32
Q

Zona reticularis major hormones

A

androgen precursors: converted to testosterone and estrogen in peripheral tissues

33
Q

Zona reticularis major hormone DHEA

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione

34
Q

Zones of adrenal cortex Serve a wide variety of physiological functions including

A

Blood glucose regulation, pretin turnover, fat metabolism, Na/K/Ca balance, Cardiovascular maintenance

35
Q

Precursor for all steroids is

A

Cholesterol

36
Q

Cholesterol is from

A

circulation (diet), some from de novo synthesis

37
Q

Steroids are catalyzed by __________ systems in mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum

A

Cytochrome p450

38
Q

First step (rate-limiting) of steroid: Conversion of cholesterol to

A

pregnenolone

39
Q

Steroid hormone: nothing is stored in the cell so conversion via cholesterol __________ is a critical step

40
Q

T/F: All layers of adrenal cortex have cholesterol desmolase

41
Q

__________ activates cholesterol desmolase. (irs from anterior pituitary)

42
Q

Direction of pathway for steroids depends on presence/absence of enzymes to

A

Catalyze modifications

43
Q

The zona glomerulosa requires ACTH to simulate cholesterol desmolase and requires

A

aldosterone synthase

44
Q

Half life of aldosterone

45
Q

Aldosterone has a long-term regulation of

A

blood-pressure

46
Q

Alodsterone exhibits a __________ lowest at midnight and highest before awakening

A

Diurnal pattern

47
Q

Aldosterone: Primary regulation occurs via changes in ECF volume via

A

RAAS and changes in blood potassium

48
Q

how is aldosterone transported in the blood

A

Aldosterone- binding globulin, transcortin, albumin

49
Q

In making aldosterone corticosterone used aldosterone synthase and __________ is required to stimulate it

A

Angiotensin 2

50
Q

Mediator for regulation of aldosterone is

A

angiotensin II

51
Q

Decrease in ECF volume causes a decrease in renal blood flow and cause the kidney to increase __________?

52
Q

Aldosterone stimulates Na reabsorption by kidney to restore

A

ECF volume

53
Q

aldosterone depolarizes adrenal cells to __________ to stimulate aldosterone secretion

A

open Ca channels

54
Q

Once the adrenal cells open Ca channels aldosterone secretion increase __________ in the kidneys

A

K+ excretion

55
Q

Zona fasciculata produces glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol. it requires __________ to stimulate cholesterol desmolase

56
Q

Zona fasciculata: First step catalyzed by

A

17 alpha-hydroxylase

57
Q

If 17 alpha-hydroxylase is blocked you can still get

A

corticosterone (generally no deleterious effects)

58
Q

zona fasciculata: final enzyme in pathway ( 11 beta-hydroxylase) converts __________ to cortisol

A

11-deoxycortisol

59
Q

half life of cortisol

A

60-90 mins

60
Q

Cortisol is regulated by

A

hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis

61
Q

ACTH is released from anterior pituitary and CRH is released by

A

Hypothalamus

62
Q

how is cortisol transported in blood?

A

By transcortin

63
Q

Cortisol is metabolized by liver and excreted how?

A

By kidneys using glucuronides

64
Q

CRH and ACTH pulsatile in humans and peak when?

A

2 hours before awakening

65
Q

CRH and ACTH is __________ throughout the day for a dog

66
Q

stimulators of ACTH

A

stress, hypoglycemia, infections/fever, low cortisol and ADH

67
Q

inhibitors of ACTH

A

high cortisol, exogenous steroids, somatostatin, dopamine

68
Q

HPA axis of cortisol: Long loop feedback (Minutes) to inhibit

A

ACTH release (blocks CRH action)

69
Q

Slow feedback of cortisol HPA axis takes __________ to inhibit ACTH synthesis

70
Q

Long loop feedback to block CRH release from

A

hypothalamus

71
Q

HPA axis of ACTH : __________ inhibits CRH release

A

short loop feed back

72
Q

administration of __________ creates artificial negative feedback resulting in adrenal gland atrophy

A

exogenous corticosteroids

73
Q

cortisol binds type II __________receptor in cytosol

A

glucocorticoid

74
Q

receptor-hormone complex moves into nucleus and binds another receptor on

A

DNA (DNA response element)

75
Q

Cortisol at tissue level activate

A

gene transcription and translation

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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