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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 72 > Flashcards

Lecture 72 Flashcards

1
Q

In Carbohydrate metabolism insulin _________ blood glucose

A

Decreases

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2
Q

How does insulin affect carbohydrate metabolism to decrease blood glucose?

A

By helping glucose leave blood AND limiting the rise of blood glucose

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3
Q

Insulin increase glucose transport into

A

muscles and adipose

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4
Q

insulin promotes _________ formation in liver and muscles

A

glycogen

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5
Q

Insulin _________ gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

INHIBITS

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6
Q

why does insulin inhibit gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis

A

because there is already enough glucose available due to insulin being present

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7
Q

How does insulin affect lipid metabolism?

A

Inhibits mobilization and oxidation of FA

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8
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism: Insulin inhibits _________ in liver

A

Ketogenesis

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9
Q

_________ is ketogenesis?

A

Breakdown of AA and ketogenic AA to make ketone bodies

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10
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism: Promotes FFA storage as?

A

Triglycerides

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11
Q

Insulin effect on lipid metabolism: Inhibits FFA uptake in _________

A

Muscles (in favor of glucose)

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12
Q

Effect of insulin in lipid metabolism: Inhibits _________

A

Lipolysis

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13
Q

If insulin inhibits lipolysis _________ does this do?

A

Inhibits hormone-sensitive lipase

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14
Q

what is Insulin effect on protein metabolism overall

A

Overall decreases blood AA

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15
Q

Insulin effect on protein metabolism: Increase AA and protein uptake in?

A

Tissues

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16
Q

Insulin increases/decreases protein synthesis?

A

Increases

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17
Q

Insulin inhibits protein degradation or regulation?

A

Degradation

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18
Q

Insulin promotes K+ uptake into cells by increasing activity of?

A

Na/K- ATPase

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19
Q

Insulin promotes phosphate, _________ uptake into cells

A

Mg ++

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20
Q

Insulin decrease appetite via the _________

A

Satiety center of hypothalamus

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21
Q

Causes hypoglycemia, which stimulates cortisol release to increase appetite

A

Excess insulin

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22
Q

Cells fail to respond normally to insulin

A

Insulin resistance

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23
Q

If insulin is over produced and a cell has insulin resistance _________ happens to insulin and glucose?

A

Blood insulin and glucose remain high

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24
Q

During insulin resistance there is a _________ during acute illness to preserve the brains glucose supply

A

Protective mechanism

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25
Q

A decreased number of insulin receptors can cause insulin _________

A

resistance

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26
Q

A decrease _________ of receptors for insulin can also cause insulin resistance

A

Affinity

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27
Q

Insulin resistance can occur via post-receptor changes in the _________

A

intracellular action of insulin

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28
Q

_________ hormones can cause insulin resistance?

A
  • Cortisol
  • GH
  • thyroid hormones
  • epinephrine
  • estrogen/progesterone
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29
Q

_________ hormone is this that can cause insulin resistance?

A
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30
Q

Stimulates glucagon release and antagonized insulin (goal is to increase glucose)

A

Epinephrine (need dump of glucose during fight or flight)

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31
Q

_________ is higher during pregnancy and can cause normal insulin resistance

A

Progesterone

32
Q

_________ can cause insulin resistance due to an impaired insulin signaling?

A

Obesity

33
Q

During obesity there can be a decrease in _________ ultimately causing insulin resistance

A

GLUT 4 receptor

34
Q

During obesity the skeletal muscles GLUT 4 might be normal but there is a decrease in glucose still. Why?

A

Decrease in glucose transport due to docking/fusion of GLUT4 into membrane

35
Q

Failure of this organs can also cause an insulin resistance

A

Kidney and liver

36
Q

How can a failure of kidneys or liver cause insulin resistance?

A

Might be circulating factors in blood that disrupt insulin signaling

37
Q

This can also cause insulin resistance due to stress which results in hyperglycemia

A

Sepsis

38
Q

insulin _________ can also cause insulin resistance

A

Antibodies

39
Q

Destruction of B cells, usually due to an autoimmune issue

A

type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin deficiency)

40
Q

Type 2 diabetes mellitus causes a

A

insulin resistance

41
Q

Insulin resistance can be associated with down-regulation of insulin receptors in muscle and adipose tissues or issues with insulin signaling. _________ is this?

A

Type 2 diabetes

42
Q

During type 2 diabetes insulin can be high, normal or low depending on?

A

stage of disease

43
Q

Excessive insulin production by Beta cell tumor. _________ is this?

A

Insulinoma

44
Q

Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle or adipose tissue

A

hyperglycemia

45
Q

Hyperglycemia can be caused due to an increased _________ in type 2 diabetes and decreased glucose uptake by cells

A

Hepatic output

46
Q

An increase in hepatic output of glucose is responsible for

A

Fasting hyperglycemia

47
Q

_________ happens during fasting hyperglycemia?

A

Gluconeogenesis increases drastically and accounts for most of the hepatic output (Glucagon is really high)

48
Q

Hyperglycemia cause cells to _________ (insulin resistance)

A

starve

49
Q

Hyperglycemia can cause _________ - glucose doesn’t leave so it draws water into it

A

Blood hyperosmolarity

50
Q

Hyperglycemia can cause _________ in kidneys. The kidneys cannot reabsorb glucose beyond threshold (glucose spills into urine and water follows)

A

Osmotic diuresis

51
Q

Increased oxidation of fat and fat accumulation in the liver is due to _________ (lack of insulin action)

A

Hyperlipidemia

52
Q

Muscle wasting and weight loss is due to _________ which causes a lack of insulin action

A

Peripheral tissue protein catabolism

53
Q

_________ is secreted by alpha cells of pancreas?

A

Glucagon

54
Q

Glucagon is synthesized as _________ stored as glucagon in granules until release

A

Preproglucagon

55
Q

Glucagon sequence is _________ in all species

A

identical

56
Q

_________ are stimulations of glucagon release?

A
  • Hypoglycemia
  • protein/AA
  • Fasting
  • stress
  • intense exercise
  • CCK
57
Q

_________ can inhibit glucagon secretion?

A

Insulin and somatostatin

58
Q

Glucagon works through stimulation of a _________ to mediate effects

A

G-protein/ cAMP

59
Q

Glucagons actions are _________ of insulin

A

Opposite

60
Q

Glucagon increases glycogenolysis, gluconeogensis, lipolysis and ?

A

Keto Acid formation

61
Q

Glucagon has a little/a lot of effect on glucose utilization by peripheral tissues

A

little to no

62
Q

Tumor of alpha cells in pancreas

A

Glucagonoma

63
Q

Glucagonoma results in diabetes mellitus and

A

necrolytic migratory erythema (NME)

64
Q

Hyperglucagonemia/diabetes mellitus associated with infection can cause the glucagon: insulin ratio to ?

A

Increase

65
Q

Secreted by delta cells of pancreas, hypothalamus and GI cells

A

Somatostatin

66
Q

Somatostatin made by _________ has a longer AA chain

A

GI cells

67
Q

Somatostatin is stimulated by all _________?

A

nutrients

68
Q

_________ does somatostatin inhibit?

A
  • Insulin and glucagon
  • GI hormones
  • GI motility
  • enzymes
  • gastric acid secretion
69
Q

secretes hormones influencing feeding behavior, insulin sensitivity, glucose transport

A

Adipose tissue

70
Q

_________ are 3 hormones important that adipose tissue releases?

A
  • Leptin
  • Tumor necrosis factor-a
  • adiponectin
71
Q

inhibits appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y

A

leptin

72
Q

Leptin increases _________?

A

Basal metabolic rate

73
Q

leptin resistance may contribute to?

A

Obesity

74
Q

Adiponectin improves insulin _________

A

Sensitivity

75
Q

High adiponectin is low risk of

A

type 2 diabetes

76
Q

Low adiponectin = obesity and diabetes in ?

A

Cats

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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