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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 75 > Flashcards

Lecture 75 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli originating from within the body, such as changes in blood pressure, pH, or the distension of organs.

A

Interoceptors

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2
Q

Sensory receptors that detect stimuli from the external environment, such as touch, temperature, and light

A

exteroceptors

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3
Q

The specific type of stimulus to which a sensory receptor is most sensitive. For example, photoreceptors in the eye are most sensitive to light

A

Adequate stimulus

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4
Q

The type or category of sensory information detected by a receptor, such as vision, light, touch, hearing, or pain.

A

Modality

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5
Q

The process by which a sensory receptor converts a physical or chemical stimulus into an electrical signal (action potential)

A

Signal transduction

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6
Q

The minimum stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential in a sensory receptor

A

threshold

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7
Q

Graded electrical potentials produced in sensory receptors in response to a stimulus. If the generator potential reaches the threshold, it triggers an action potential

A

Generator potentials

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8
Q

The concept that specific sensory modalities are encoded by distinct pathways from the receptor to the brain, ensuring that the modality and location of a stimulus are accurately interpreted

A

Labeled line coding

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9
Q

The specific area or region of the sensory surface (e.g., skin, retina) from which a sensory neuron can be activated. Smaller receptive fields allow for finer sensory discrimination

A

Receptive feilds

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10
Q

The process by which weak stimuli are amplified during signal transduction, allowing the sensory system to detect and respond to subtle changes in the environment

A

Signal amplification

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11
Q

respond briefly to the onset of a stimulus (e.g., Pacinian corpuscles

A

Rapidly adapting receptors

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12
Q

respond throughout the duration of a stimulus (e.g., muscle spindles).

A

Slowly adapting receptors

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13
Q

Special examination of specimens (blood, urine, feed or soil samples) is used to determine what

A

determines specific cause of lesion

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14
Q

The input for sensory is a total stimulus energy which means it has met?

A

threshold

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15
Q

Once an input comes into a sense organ peripheral filtering mechanisms begin and an adequate stimulus is sent to?

A

sensory transducer

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16
Q

Convert something from one thing to something else.

A

transduction

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17
Q

sensory apparatus goes to _______ and then to an electrical signal

A

mechanoreceptor

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18
Q

once the sensory has met its receptor potential it goes to a spike-encoding mechanism and afferent action potentials which is a

A

all of none signal

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19
Q

_______ has to reach threshold and for almost all they are associated with Na/ Channels

A

Generator potential graded

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20
Q

T/F: All transduction mechanisms have a threshold

A

T

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21
Q

Modality is _______ is being transduced and tell you _______ _______ is being used

A

receptor

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22
Q

A weak stimulus causes a _______ and vice versa

A

weak reaction

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23
Q

_______ are examples of interoceptors?

A

baroreceptors, chemoreceptors

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24
Q

interoceptors are _______ active

A

tonically

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25
Q

When something is tonically active even when everything is WNL it is still sending to brain to convey info when something _______

A

increasing and decreasing

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26
Q

Somatosensory signals are _______ signals

A

GSA

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27
Q

Originates from peripheral sensory receptors that detect changes in environmental stimulus

A

Somatosensory signals

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28
Q

Viscerosensory signals are _______ signals

A

GVA

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29
Q

Originates from viscera and detect changes in internal stimuli, organ distention, ischemia, intestinal pain

A

Viscerosensory signals

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30
Q

Input and reflexes

A

autonomic nervous system

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31
Q

Originates from special sensory organs localized to the head (vision, hearing, taste, olfaction)

A

special sense signals

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32
Q
  • Modality: Touch, audition, vestibular
  • Location: Skin, organ of corti and macula
  • Receptors: Pacinian corpuscle, hair cell
A

Mechanoreceptors

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33
Q
  • Location: Skin, organ of corti and macula
  • Modality: Vision
  • Receptor: Rods and cones Location: Retina
A

Photoreceptors

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34
Q
  • Modality: Olfaction, taste, arterial PO2, Ph of CSF.
  • Receptor: Olfactory receptors and taste buds.
  • Location: Olfactory mucosa, tongue, carotid and aortic bodies and ventrolateral medulla
A

Chemoreceptors

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35
Q
  • Modality: extremes of pain and temp
  • Receptor: Thermal and polymodal nociceptors.
  • Location: Skin
A

Nociceptor

36
Q

Lipid ‘sheath” multilamellar structure

37
Q

Chain of Oligodendrites form myelin formultiple Axons

A

Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

38
Q

lemmocytes (Peripheral)Chain of Lemmocytes will form myelin for 1 axon

A

Schwann cells

39
Q

increases speed ofconduction; nodes of Ranvier; saltatoryconduction

A

Electrical insulator

40
Q

_______ type of nerve fiber that has sensory and motor is the LARGEST and FASTEST

41
Q

_______ type of nerve fiber is the SMALLEST and SLOWEST and does NOT have myelination. Slow pain; post gang autonomic nerves; olfaction

42
Q

_______ SENSORY nerve fiber is the LARGEST and FASTEST. Muscle spindle afferents

43
Q

_______ SENSORY nerve fiber is the SMALLEST and SLOWEST. Pain, temo and olfaction

44
Q

Degree of myelination is the

A

saltatory conduction

45
Q

from sensory apparatus to CNS (afferent sensory)

A

Orthodromic

46
Q

From CNS to sensory apparatus

A

Antidromic

47
Q

Myelin is constantly replaced and can be affected by?

48
Q

This sensory receptor is unique. It has 2 fibers to communicate including fast and slow. Its endings are unmyelinated and are associated with C and alpha (group111)

A

Nociceptors

49
Q

sensory receptor is this?
* In Response to: Discriminative touch, pressure
* Ending:Nonencapsulated
* Location:Basal epidermis
* Pathway: DCML (SLOW adaptation)

A

Merkel’s tactile discs

50
Q

sensory receptor is this?
* response to: Two-point fine touch
* Ending: Encapsulated
* Location: Papillae of dermis of hairless skin
* Pathway: DCML (Fast adaptation)

A

Meissners corpuscles

51
Q

sensory receptor is this?
* Response to: Deep pressure and vibrations.
* Encapsulated.
* DCML pathway (Fast adaptation)

A

Pacinian corpuscles

52
Q

Muscle and tendon receptors are located where?

A

Skeletal muscle

53
Q

Region of receptor that feels stuff around it. Most overlap and it is a protective bubble that detects sensory

A

Receptive fields

54
Q

_______ allows an animal to know exactly where stimulus has been triggered (collar on neck)

A

Discrimination

55
Q

_______ does it mean when an animal is used to a stimulation. EX: collar

A

Sensitized

56
Q

_______ are examples of slowly adapting receptors

A

tonic receptors GTOs, chemoreceptors,baroreceptors

57
Q

_______ are non-adapting receptors?

A

Nociceptors/chemoreceptors

58
Q

where does the action potential occur in a pacinian corpuscle

A

Axon hillock

59
Q

this pathway does a cross-over in the brain

A

DCML pathway

60
Q

this pathway enters the spinal cord wherever it is stimulated

A

anterolateral pathway

61
Q

DCML pathways: dorsal columns of spinal cord to

A

Medulla-decussate-thalamus

62
Q

Anterolateral - enter spinal cord - synapse in _______
decussate - ascend through anterior and lateral white columns -project to lower brain stem and thalamus

A

dorsal horn of gray matter

63
Q

_______ sensations travel the DCML pathway?

A

Touch, phasic, position and pressure sensations

64
Q

_______ type of sensations travel the anterolateral system?

A

Nociception, thermal sensations, crude touch, tickle and itch, sexual sensations

65
Q

_______ has 2 nerve fibers that are fast: myelin and Slow: unmyelin

A

nociception (pain)

66
Q

almost all sensory/motor informationpathways are bilaterally symmetric- Info crosses from ipsilateral to contralateral side of brain or spinal cord

A

decussations

67
Q

All pathways _______ cross at same level (somespinal/some supraspinal) = decussations

68
Q

reas that only contain decussations are

A

commissures

69
Q

Sensory and motor information encoded in

A

neural maps

70
Q

_______ type of map place is localized to specific regions in the body?

A

Somatotopic map

71
Q

localized to areas of spinal column through dorsal roots

A

dermatomes

72
Q

From body, enter the spinal cord via dorsal root; From head, enter via cranial nerve(trigeminal

A

First-order neuron (primary afferentneuron)

73
Q

Projects from the CNS cranially; Decussation to contralateral side; End in thalamus

A

Second-order neuron

74
Q

Thalamus to primary somatosensory cortexof cerebrum

A

third-order neuron

75
Q

_______ tracts are in the dorsal white column: Fasciculus gracilis and Fasciculus cuneatus

A

Ascending tracts

76
Q

Ascending tracts originate in spinal cord and go to?

A

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

77
Q

Descending tracts are from white commissues and it does to

A

Lateral reticulospinal tract

78
Q

function of ascending pathway

A

relay specific information to specific parts of brain

79
Q

_______ are the ascending pathways determined by?

A

which primary afferent synapse onto which projection neuron; where the projection neuron synapses in brain

80
Q

what is one of the three major pathways of ascending? discrimination/localization

81
Q

what is one of the three major pathways? Affection _______

A

Emotional/altering

82
Q

what is one of the three major pathways? Subconscious (_______)

A

Sensory feedback posture

83
Q

Ascending pathway: Chains of neurons carry information from receptors to _______ (cerebral cortex)

84
Q

Primary afferents synapse onto projection neurons in _______

A

spinal gray matter

85
Q

Axons of brain neurons project in descending tracts in white matter and synapse on _______

A

interneurons

86
Q

descending pathways regulate?

A

spinal reflexes, excitability of efferent neurons (posture and movement), excitability of spinal projection neurons

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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