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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 73 > Flashcards

Lecture 73 Flashcards

1
Q

Many physiological processes depend on ____________ and ____________ availability

A

Ca and P

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2
Q

Regulatory system to maintain extracellular fluid levels of Ca and P include:

A

Vit D, Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

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3
Q

Processes in which Ca is involved

A

neurotransmission, Learning and memory, muscle contraction, mitosis, mobility, secretion, fertilization, blood clotting, structure of bones and teeth

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4
Q

Is Ca higher extracellularly or intracellularly

A

extracellularly

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5
Q

how much calcium is ionized (free form)

A

50 percent

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6
Q

Why is Ca conc higher extracellularly?

A

Membranes are very impermeable to Ca

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7
Q

How much calcium is bound (albumin, proteins) calcium?

A

40 percent

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8
Q

We need ionized Ca to remain in normal range (50%). This depends on pH. If pH is low acidosis can cause ____________ to Ca?

A

Increases ionized Ca channels

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9
Q

Complexed calcium (anions: phosphate and bicarb) is how much of calcium

A

10 percent

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10
Q

Intracellular Ca has a lower ?

A

Concentration

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11
Q

Cytosolic (intracellular) Ca can be increased as need-

A

fine balance of control

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12
Q

If Ca intake goes down, body adjust by increasing?

A

Percentage of Ca absorbed

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13
Q

Ca-sensing by Ca receptors on endocrine cells is involved in?

A

Ca homeostasis

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14
Q

____________ is hypocalcemia?

A

Low calcium levels

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15
Q

____________ is a common cause of hypocalcemia in animals?

A

Lactation, parathyroid and Vit D disorders, gut metabolism, renal failure, ethylone glycol toxicity

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16
Q

Twitching/cramping of skeletal muscles and numbness/tingling, seizures can be due to?

A

Hypocalcemia

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17
Q

Low or high levels of plasma Ca is talking about?

A

Ionized Ca

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18
Q

Increased in plasma Ca (ionized Ca)

A

Hypercalcemia

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19
Q

constipation, polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy, coma and death can be caused due to?

A

Hypercalcemia

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20
Q

____________ can cause Hypercalcemia?

A

Parathyroid disorders and Vit D toxicity

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21
Q

Changes in plasma protein concentration can alter?

A

Ca in plasma

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22
Q

____________ can lead to altering Ca in plasma?

A

Changes in protein concentrations, complexing anion concentration and acid-base disturbances

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23
Q

Change the fraction of Ca bound to plasma albumin

A

Acid-base disturbance

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24
Q

Albumin can bind ____________ or ____________ ions

A

H+, Ca2+

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25
Q

more H ions in blood, more H ions bound to albumin, free ionized Ca increases. ____________ is this?

A

Acidemia

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26
Q

Acidemia can cause?

A

hypercalcemia

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27
Q

Less h ions in blood, more Ca bind to albumin, ionized Ca in blood decreases. ____________ is this?

A

Alkalemia

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28
Q

Alkalemia can lead to?

A

Hypocalcemia

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29
Q

interaction of bone, kidney, and intestines, plus parathyroid hormone, calcitonin and vit D

A

Calcium homeostasis

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30
Q

bone is constantly remodeled so Ca can be ____________ from blood

A

released or absorbed

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31
Q

____________ stimulates bone resorption of Ca

A

Parathyroid hormone and Vit D

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32
Q

____________ inhibits bone resorption of Ca?

A

Calcitonin

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33
Q

intestine will absorb Ca but the amount is regulated by?

A

Vitamin D

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34
Q

Absorption of Ca in the intestines decreases/increases with age

A

Decreases

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35
Q

Excess Ca in the diet is excreted where?

A

Shit

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36
Q

Kidneys reabsorb Ca- which is regulated by?

A

PTH

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37
Q

98% of filtered Ca is reabsorbed where?

A

Kidney

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38
Q

____________ is a component of ATP, various cofactors, lipids, RNA, DNA and bone

A

Phosphate

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39
Q

Percentage of phosphate absorbed from the diet is ____________

A

constant

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40
Q

Phosphate helps to balance many?

A

Cations

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41
Q

How is regulation of P balance maintained

A

urinary excretion

42
Q

where is phosphate stored?

A

Muscles

43
Q

necessary for neuromuscular transmission

A

Magnesium

44
Q

Magnesium is a cofactor in ____________ reactions

A

enzyme

45
Q

Dietary Mg absorbed by gut and is ____________ by vit D

A

enhanced

46
Q

Where is Mg excreted?

A

Urine

47
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there and ____________ do they contain?

A

4 parathyroid glands. Contain chief cells and oxyphil cells

48
Q

Chief cells are a source of?

A

ATP

49
Q

PTH sustain/increases ____________

A

plasma Ca

50
Q

PTH stimulates an increase in Ca so it stimulates

A

reabsorption in bone and kidney

51
Q

PTH decreases/prevents increase in ____________

A

Plasma P

52
Q

PTH causes ____________ to happen with phosphorus?

A

Increase phosphorus excretion in kidneys

53
Q

Ca receptors on parathyroid cells are activated when plasma Ca levels ____________

A

Falls

54
Q

When plasma Ca is high ____________ is inhibited?

A

Ca receptor on parathyroid cells (causes degradation of granules)

55
Q

Increased blood phosphate increases PTH secretion via ____________

A

P receptor

56
Q

PTH also stimulates vitamin D synthesis. Vit D feed back to PTH to?

A

inhibit PTH

57
Q

____________ are stimulators of PTH release?

A

Decreased blood Ca, Increased blood phosphate, Decreased Mg

58
Q

When Vit D inhibits PTH release ____________ does this cause?

A

Increases blood Ca

59
Q

PTH binds to plasma membrane receptors and activates ____________

A

G-protein/cAMP

60
Q

____________ does PTH target?

A

Bones, kidneys and intestines

61
Q

A decrease in plasma Ca concentration leads to an increase in?

A

PTH secretion

62
Q

PTH ____________ bone resorption to release Ca and P into blood

A

Increases

63
Q

PTH stimulates Ca reabsorption in ____________ in the kidneys

A

Distal convoluted tubule

64
Q

PTH inhibits phosphate reabsorption in ____________ of kidneys thus causing P excretion in urine

A

Proximal convoluted tubules

65
Q

PTH increases Mg reabsorption in the ____________

A

Kidneys

66
Q

PTH stimulates vit D ____________

A

synthesis in the kidney

67
Q

PTH increases Ca absorption from intestines via

A

Vitamin D

68
Q

caused by benign tumor or hyperplasia of one or both parathyroid glands

A

Hyperparathyroidism

69
Q

____________ is the primary form of hyperparathyroidism

A

benign tumor or hyperplasia

70
Q

An increase of PTH, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, renal calculi and bone pain and fractures are clinical signs of ____________?

A

Benign tumor or hyperplasia in parathyroid gland

71
Q

Caused by increased phosphate in blood, which precipitates Ca result in hypocalcemia - causes secondary increase in PTH

A

Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism

72
Q

Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism : increased phosphate in blood, which precipitates Ca result in hypocalcemia CAUSES?

A

secondary increase in PTH

73
Q

Secondary form of hyperparathyroidism may results from?

A

Renal failure or increased dietary phosphate

74
Q

Accidental surgical removal, autoimmune destruction and idiopathic may cause?

A

Hypoparathyroidism

75
Q

Hypoparathyroidism results in?

A

Decreased PTH, Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia

76
Q

Synthesized as preprohormone by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

A

Calcitonin

77
Q

Calcitonin decreases blood Ca and P by?

A

inhibiting bone resorption, increasing urinary P excretion, inhibiting renal reabsorption of Ca

78
Q

Increased blood Ca, Vitamin D (via feedback), ingested food

A

Simulators of calcitonin

79
Q

Stimulators of calcitonin: Vit D (via feedback) why is this a stimulator of calcitonin?

A

No need for release from bone or to reabsorb via kidneys

80
Q

Required for bone formation and increases Ca absorption from GIT

A

Synthesis of Vit D

81
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized from hormones and vitamin from diet. ____________ vit D is synthesized and ____________ is from the diet?

A

Synthesized (D3) and Diet (D2 or D3)

82
Q

Synthesized Vit D in skin: precursor is

A

7-dehydroxyvitamin D

83
Q

After synthesis or absorption of Vit D in gut it goes to the

A

Liver

84
Q

In the liver Vit D is converted to

A

25-hydroxyvitamin D

85
Q

25-hydroxyvitamin D does to the kideny and most is converted to ?

A

1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D

86
Q

intermediates and active vit D circulates bound to?

A

protein carriers

87
Q

Vitamin D is _______ so can be stored in liver and adipose

A

Fat-soluble

88
Q

Toxicity of vitamin D results in _________________________

A

hypercalcemia, renal failure, elevated phosphate (soft tissue calcification)

89
Q

Metabolism of vit D is excreted in

A

Bile

90
Q

Most actions of vit D happens in

A

intestine

91
Q

Vit D stimulates Ca absorption of calbindin and stimulates absorption of?

A

Mg and phosphate in intestine

92
Q

Vit D weakly stimulates ____________ reabsorption in kidneys

A

Ca and P

93
Q

Calcium absorption can be

A

active or passive

94
Q

Active, transcellular process dominates

A

Ca intake low

95
Q

Passive absorption (jejunum and ileum), paracellular proces dominates

A

Ca intake high

96
Q

Active, transcellular process requires

A

Vit D

97
Q

Vitamine D acts through cytosolic receptor and increases ___________

A

production of calbindin

98
Q

Calbindin binds ca inside cells and facilitates transports to ________

A

Basolateral membrane

99
Q

Vit D stimulates bone resorption in presence of ?

A

PTH

100
Q

Vit D Increases Ca transport and uptake by SR in

A

skeletal muscles

101
Q

VIT D ___________ PTH synthesis

A

Decreases

102
Q

Muscle weakness, abnormal contractions, rickets, bone fractures and cardiac dysfunction is a result of?

A

Deficiency of Vit D

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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