Lecture 70 Flashcards
Effects of cortisol are described as
permissive; Doesn’t directly initiate actions but allows critical processes to occur
T/F Cortisol amplifies actions of other hormones
T
_________ form of cortisol is biologically active
Only free cortisol is biologically active
_________ are the net effects of cortisol
Net effects are catabolic!!!
Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Increases blood glucose by (3)
Increasing gluconeogenesis, Increasing glucagon release from pancreas to allow glycogenolysis (glucose), Temporarily causing insulin resistance in tissues
High cortisol causes a release of glucagon from the pancreas which leads to _________ 2 events
liver will break down glycogen and increase blood glucose
Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Insulin resistance in tissues means _________ won’t happen
tissues won’t take up much glucose so blood glucose will remain high
Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Insulin resistance in tissues leads to a decrease in translocation of _________
glucose transporters
Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: _________ are the 4 main things that are increased
Increases blood glucose, Increases glycogenesis, Increases lipolysis and protein catabolism, Increases appetite, visceral obesity
Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Increases glycogenesis in liver and explain the process/why
Because blood glucose is high, eventually insulin: glucose ration increases which starts glycogenesis
Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Explain why Increasing glycogenesis in liver is important
always need stored glycogen for NE and Epi to act upon leading to a Fight or Flight response
Effects of cortisol on musculoskeletal system: (Increases/ decreases) protein catabolism
increases
Effects of cortisol on musculoskeletal system: How is bone affected (3 ways)
Inhibits bone formation, Increases bone resorption, Causes osteoporosis (if cortisol is high long-term)
_________ is released during Increased bone resorption
calcium and phosphorus is being released
Effects of cortisol on musculoskeletal system: How is connective tissue affected (2 ways)
Inhibits collagen synthesis, Causes thin skin and fragile capillaries (if cortisol is high long-term
Effects of cortisol on kidneys and cardiovascular system: How is water balance affected (2 ways)
Increases glomerular filtration rate in kidney, Decreases ADH so more dilute urine
Effects of cortisol on kidneys and cardiovascular system: Helps maintain normal blood _________ and _________
blood pressure and volume
Effects of cortisol on kidneys and cardiovascular system: _________ kind of receptor is upregulated? _________ does this do?
Upregulates _-1 adrenergic receptors - necessary for vasoconstrictive response of arterioles to NE and Epi
Effects of cortisol on the immune system
Suppresses immune response; Suppresses prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes
_________ are some things that are decreased when cortisol effects the immune system
neutrophil activity, formation of cytokines, T-lymphocytes, antibody formation (really bad long term)
Specific anti-inflammatory effects _________ is induced? _________ is inhibited?
Induced: lipocort inInhibited: production of interleukin-2 and release of histamine
_________ is lipocortin
inhibitor of phosphlipase A2 which decreases precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes
_________ is commonly given to suppress/calm immune system and important when it comes to transplants
exogenous steroids
adrenal cortex: where is the Zona reticularis located
innermost cortical layer (close to medulla)
adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis _________ does it produce
Produces weak androgens like Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, Androstenedione
adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis _________ are the weak adrogens converted to
testosterone, estrogen, and peripheral tissues (more important in females since males have their own testosterone)
_________ enzyme is needed for androgen pathway
17,20-lyase needed formandrogen pathway
_________ effect does cortisol have on glycogenesis on the liver
increase
_________ is the common name for hyperadrenocorticism
Cushings syndrome
_________ are the causes of Cushings syndrome
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia
(pituitary tumor that secretes excess ACTH–>excess cortisol)
_________ are some clinical signs in dogs with Cushings syndrome
polydipsia, polyuria, panting, obesity, muscle weakness, alopecia, thin skin
Cushings syndrome: Because of constant stimulus from cortisol _________ happens to the adrenal glands (regarding size)
they will become enlarged
_________ is Pars intermedia dysfunction
common in horses (loss of dopamine inhibition)
Adrenal tumors are more common in
large breed dogs, less common in horses (usually unilateral)
Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia that is related to Cushing’s is common in _________ kind of animal
middle to older dogs (breeds including: poodle, boxer, beagle, dachsaunds)
Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism normally results from
chronic excessive exogenous steroid administration
_________ is the common name for hypoadrenocorticism
Addison’s disease
Addison’s disease is common in _________ kind of animal
Commonly occurs in young to middle-aged dogs, rare in cats
_________ are some of the causes of Addison’s disease
Causes can be auto-immune, infiltrative disease, idiopathic, iatrogenic steroids
_________ are infiltrative diseases
cancers (accumulation or diffusion in cells of adrenal gland of substances not normally found there )
Adrenal cortex dysfunctions: With addisons disease you can loose the ability to make _________ or _________
aldosterone or cortisol
Adrenal cortex dysfunctions: _________ does a loss of aldosterone do to: K, Blood volume, Na
K: increased; Blood volume: decreased; Na: decreased (bradycardia, irregular heartbeat, circulatory collapse); CAN CAUSE DEATH
Adrenal cortex dysfunctions: Loss of cortisol causes a decrease in
Decreased, gluconeogenesis, and blood glucose
_________ is the treatment for Addisons disease (4)
saline dextrose, dexamethasone, insulin (as long as you give glucose), mineral corticoid
_________ are the forms of Hyperaldosteronism
Primary form vs. secondary form
_________ is primary form of Hyperaldosteronism
idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral); tumor could be unilateral or bilateral
_________ is secondary form of Hyperaldosteronism
secondary to liver disease, kidney disease, etc.
_________ system does secondary form of Hyperaldosteronism activate
RASS
Hyperaldosteronism is more common in _________ animal
cats
_________ is the treatment for Hyperaldosteronism
spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)
_________ are the clinical signs of Hyperaldosteronism (2)
increased ECF volume; increased renal perfusion pressure
Alopecia X is the common name for
atypical hyperadrenocorticism
Hair cycle arrest, GH responsive alopecia, and castration responsive alopecia are all other names for
Alopecia X (atypical hyperadrenocorticism)
_________ is the issue regarding atypical hyperadrenocorticism (Alopecia X)
Elevation in androgens and/or sex steroids
_________ kind of animal is affected by atypical hyperadrenocorticism (Alopecia X)
Pomeranians, poodles, Yorkies, Nordic breeds (Affects both sexes, may start as early as 1-year-old)
_________ do dogs with atypical hyperadrenocorticism (Alopecia X) look like
they have symmetrical hair loss around trunk and caudal thigh, gaurd hairs lost first (skin very hyperpigmented)
which dysfunction is associated with Cushing’s disease
adrenal tumor
