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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > Lecture 70 > Flashcards

Lecture 70 Flashcards

1
Q

Effects of cortisol are described as

A

permissive; Doesn’t directly initiate actions but allows critical processes to occur

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2
Q

T/F Cortisol amplifies actions of other hormones

A

T

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3
Q

_________ form of cortisol is biologically active

A

Only free cortisol is biologically active

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4
Q

_________ are the net effects of cortisol

A

Net effects are catabolic!!!

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5
Q

Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Increases blood glucose by (3)

A

Increasing gluconeogenesis, Increasing glucagon release from pancreas to allow glycogenolysis (glucose), Temporarily causing insulin resistance in tissues

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6
Q

High cortisol causes a release of glucagon from the pancreas which leads to _________ 2 events

A

liver will break down glycogen and increase blood glucose

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7
Q

Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Insulin resistance in tissues means _________ won’t happen

A

tissues won’t take up much glucose so blood glucose will remain high

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8
Q

Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Insulin resistance in tissues leads to a decrease in translocation of _________

A

glucose transporters

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9
Q

Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: _________ are the 4 main things that are increased

A

Increases blood glucose, Increases glycogenesis, Increases lipolysis and protein catabolism, Increases appetite, visceral obesity

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10
Q

Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Increases glycogenesis in liver and explain the process/why

A

Because blood glucose is high, eventually insulin: glucose ration increases which starts glycogenesis

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11
Q

Effects of cortisol on energy metabolism: Explain why Increasing glycogenesis in liver is important

A

always need stored glycogen for NE and Epi to act upon leading to a Fight or Flight response

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12
Q

Effects of cortisol on musculoskeletal system: (Increases/ decreases) protein catabolism

A

increases

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13
Q

Effects of cortisol on musculoskeletal system: How is bone affected (3 ways)

A

Inhibits bone formation, Increases bone resorption, Causes osteoporosis (if cortisol is high long-term)

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14
Q

_________ is released during Increased bone resorption

A

calcium and phosphorus is being released

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15
Q

Effects of cortisol on musculoskeletal system: How is connective tissue affected (2 ways)

A

Inhibits collagen synthesis, Causes thin skin and fragile capillaries (if cortisol is high long-term

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16
Q

Effects of cortisol on kidneys and cardiovascular system: How is water balance affected (2 ways)

A

Increases glomerular filtration rate in kidney, Decreases ADH so more dilute urine

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17
Q

Effects of cortisol on kidneys and cardiovascular system: Helps maintain normal blood _________ and _________

A

blood pressure and volume

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18
Q

Effects of cortisol on kidneys and cardiovascular system: _________ kind of receptor is upregulated? _________ does this do?

A

Upregulates _-1 adrenergic receptors - necessary for vasoconstrictive response of arterioles to NE and Epi

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19
Q

Effects of cortisol on the immune system

A

Suppresses immune response; Suppresses prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes

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20
Q

_________ are some things that are decreased when cortisol effects the immune system

A

neutrophil activity, formation of cytokines, T-lymphocytes, antibody formation (really bad long term)

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21
Q

Specific anti-inflammatory effects _________ is induced? _________ is inhibited?

A

Induced: lipocort inInhibited: production of interleukin-2 and release of histamine

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22
Q

_________ is lipocortin

A

inhibitor of phosphlipase A2 which decreases precursor for prostaglandins and leukotrienes

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23
Q

_________ is commonly given to suppress/calm immune system and important when it comes to transplants

A

exogenous steroids

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24
Q

adrenal cortex: where is the Zona reticularis located

A

innermost cortical layer (close to medulla)

25
Q

adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis _________ does it produce

A

Produces weak androgens like Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), DHEA sulfate, Androstenedione

26
Q

adrenal cortex: Zona reticularis _________ are the weak adrogens converted to

A

testosterone, estrogen, and peripheral tissues (more important in females since males have their own testosterone)

27
Q

_________ enzyme is needed for androgen pathway

A

17,20-lyase needed formandrogen pathway

28
Q

_________ effect does cortisol have on glycogenesis on the liver

A

increase

29
Q

_________ is the common name for hyperadrenocorticism

A

Cushings syndrome

30
Q

_________ are the causes of Cushings syndrome

A

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia

31
Q

(pituitary tumor that secretes excess ACTH–>excess cortisol)

A
32
Q

_________ are some clinical signs in dogs with Cushings syndrome

A

polydipsia, polyuria, panting, obesity, muscle weakness, alopecia, thin skin

33
Q

Cushings syndrome: Because of constant stimulus from cortisol _________ happens to the adrenal glands (regarding size)

A

they will become enlarged

34
Q

_________ is Pars intermedia dysfunction

A

common in horses (loss of dopamine inhibition)

35
Q

Adrenal tumors are more common in

A

large breed dogs, less common in horses (usually unilateral)

36
Q

Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH) with bilateral adrenal hyperplasia that is related to Cushing’s is common in _________ kind of animal

A

middle to older dogs (breeds including: poodle, boxer, beagle, dachsaunds)

37
Q

Iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism normally results from

A

chronic excessive exogenous steroid administration

38
Q

_________ is the common name for hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s disease

39
Q

Addison’s disease is common in _________ kind of animal

A

Commonly occurs in young to middle-aged dogs, rare in cats

40
Q

_________ are some of the causes of Addison’s disease

A

Causes can be auto-immune, infiltrative disease, idiopathic, iatrogenic steroids

41
Q

_________ are infiltrative diseases

A

cancers (accumulation or diffusion in cells of adrenal gland of substances not normally found there )

42
Q

Adrenal cortex dysfunctions: With addisons disease you can loose the ability to make _________ or _________

A

aldosterone or cortisol

43
Q

Adrenal cortex dysfunctions: _________ does a loss of aldosterone do to: K, Blood volume, Na

A

K: increased; Blood volume: decreased; Na: decreased (bradycardia, irregular heartbeat, circulatory collapse); CAN CAUSE DEATH

44
Q

Adrenal cortex dysfunctions: Loss of cortisol causes a decrease in

A

Decreased, gluconeogenesis, and blood glucose

45
Q

_________ is the treatment for Addisons disease (4)

A

saline dextrose, dexamethasone, insulin (as long as you give glucose), mineral corticoid

46
Q

_________ are the forms of Hyperaldosteronism

A

Primary form vs. secondary form

47
Q

_________ is primary form of Hyperaldosteronism

A

idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (bilateral); tumor could be unilateral or bilateral

48
Q

_________ is secondary form of Hyperaldosteronism

A

secondary to liver disease, kidney disease, etc.

49
Q

_________ system does secondary form of Hyperaldosteronism activate

A

RASS

50
Q

Hyperaldosteronism is more common in _________ animal

A

cats

51
Q

_________ is the treatment for Hyperaldosteronism

A

spironolactone (aldosterone antagonist)

52
Q

_________ are the clinical signs of Hyperaldosteronism (2)

A

increased ECF volume; increased renal perfusion pressure

53
Q

Alopecia X is the common name for

A

atypical hyperadrenocorticism

54
Q

Hair cycle arrest, GH responsive alopecia, and castration responsive alopecia are all other names for

A

Alopecia X (atypical hyperadrenocorticism)

55
Q

_________ is the issue regarding atypical hyperadrenocorticism (Alopecia X)

A

Elevation in androgens and/or sex steroids

56
Q

_________ kind of animal is affected by atypical hyperadrenocorticism (Alopecia X)

A

Pomeranians, poodles, Yorkies, Nordic breeds (Affects both sexes, may start as early as 1-year-old)

57
Q

_________ do dogs with atypical hyperadrenocorticism (Alopecia X) look like

A

they have symmetrical hair loss around trunk and caudal thigh, gaurd hairs lost first (skin very hyperpigmented)

58
Q

which dysfunction is associated with Cushing’s disease

A

adrenal tumor

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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