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Physiology exam 5 (shelby) > lecture 63 > Flashcards

lecture 63 Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system works in concert with what other system to maintain homeostasis

A

the nervous system

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2
Q

what are some of the things the endocrine system regulates/ aids with

A
  • growth/ development
  • reproduction
  • blood pressure
  • ion concentrations
  • behavior
  • aging
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3
Q

Hormones: most are synthesized in, and secreted by what

A

glands

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4
Q

chemical that is secreted into circulation in small amounts that will be delivered to tissues is called a what

A

hormone

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5
Q

Are all hormones synthesized/ secreted by glands?

A

NO! The exception is GIT hormones secreted by clusters of endocrine cells, some made in hypothalamus, placenta, kidney

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6
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: Both secrete substances into what

A

blood

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7
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: T/F Some molecules are BOTH neurotransmitters and hormones

A

T it depends on where is it is released

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8
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: Mechanism of action for hormones and neurotransmitters requires a specific what

A

receptor

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9
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: Similar processes of _______ of granules and _______ vesicle

A

exocytosis; synaptic

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10
Q

Common characteristics of endocrine cells and neurons: T/F Both systems may respond to same stimuli

A

T

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11
Q

Ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions

A

Homeostasis

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12
Q

Homeostasis is described as what kind of equilibrium? What does this mean?

A

Dynamic equilibrium; occurs constantly (as changes occur, body works to maintain uniform conditions)

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13
Q

Homeostasis: Involves what 3 mechanisms to restore and maintain homeostasis

A

Receptor, Control center, Effector

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14
Q

Is this receptor, control center, or effector: Receives info that something is changing

A

receptor

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15
Q

Is this receptor, control center, or effector: receives and processes information

A

control center

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16
Q

Is this receptor, control center, or effector: responds to commands of the control center (will either enhance or oppose)

A

effector

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17
Q

what is another name for the control center

A

Integration center

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18
Q

Homeostasis uses a _______________ loop

A

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

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19
Q

what does it mean to be a negative feedback loop

A

system responds in a way to REVERSE the direction of change (example: breathing- CO2 increases, lungs will increase activity to release more CO2)

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20
Q

is homeostasis maintained during illness/disease

A

NO

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21
Q

T/F Positive feedback does result in homeostasis

A

F; does not

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22
Q

what does positive feedback mean

A

Amplifies change in variable such as blood clotting, parturition

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23
Q

what are some of the pathways that alter homeostasis

A
  • Nutrition
  • toxins
  • psychological
  • physical
  • genetic
  • medical
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24
Q

Hormone signaling pathways: Hormone that travel a long distance in the blood is referred to as a _____________

A

Endocrine/telecrine

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25
Q

Hormone signaling pathways: a hormone that is secreted by neuron into blood

A

Neurocrine

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26
Q

Hormone signaling pathways: exerts effects ON SELF or very, very close identical cell

A

Autocrine

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27
Q

Hormone signaling pathways: close to target, usually within the same tissue, diffusion through interstitial fluid

A

Paracrine

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28
Q

T/F autocrines and paracrines enter the blood

A

F; not in blood

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29
Q

regarding homeostasis, what would be considered the effector, contron center, and receptor in maintenance of arterial blood pressure

A
  • effector is the heart
  • medulla oblongata is the control center
  • baroreceptors is the receptor
30
Q

Hormone classifications: structure varies across species (ex. growth hormone), uses amino acids

A

Peptides & proteins

31
Q

Hormone classifications: structure is conserved across species & cholesterol is used to synthesize

32
Q

Hormone classifications: These are derived from tyrosine

33
Q

Hormone classifications: these are derived from fatty acids

A

Eicosanoids

34
Q

Hormone classifications is based on

35
Q

what are some examples of peptide/protein hormones

A
  • Insulin
  • growth factors
  • growth hormone
  • parathyroid hormone
  • thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • antidiuretic hormone
36
Q

peptide/protein hormones are derived from

A

Amino acids!!

37
Q

Structure of different peptide hormones may be very similar to each other and may only differ by a what

A

side chain

38
Q

Structure of different peptide hormones may be very similar to each other and may only differ by a side chain this allows for

A

similar hormones to act on multiple receptors

39
Q

explain how different peptide hormones can act on multiple receptors like Growth factor and insulin

A

Growth factor hormones can act on insulin receptors because structure is similar but it will not be as potent

40
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: First, mRNA is transcribed and travels to cytoplasm, what is next

A

Message is translated on ribosome

41
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: once message is translated on ribosome, what happens next

A

Product is preprohormone & is now transferred to ER

42
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: after Product is preprohormone & is now transferred to ER, what happens next

A

Signal peptide degraded in ER (results in prohormone, now transferred to Golgi)

43
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: Signal peptide degraded in ER (results in prohormone, now transferred to Golgi), what can happen from here

A

undergo more processing (cleavage, add groups, or combine with other subunits) OR packages into secretory granule

44
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: what happens when endocrine cell stimulated

A

granule contents released

45
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: what is the purpose of the prohormone

A

it is information for proper folding

46
Q

Synthesis of peptide and protein hormones: what starts the translation process

A

signal peptide

47
Q

What is a preprohormone?

A

signal peptide that is much larger than the actual hormone that is going to be released

48
Q

T/F Stimulus does not always result in immediate release because transcription/ translation is needed

A

T; usually hormones are stored in large amounts

49
Q

What are synthesized using tyrosine and known to have a fast release

A

Catecholamines

50
Q

what type of hormone is synthesized from tyrosine and iodide & stored in a follicle

A

Thyroid hormones

51
Q

Thyroid hormones: storage in a follicle is referred to as

A

thyroglobulin

52
Q

secretion of Thyroid hormones requires that you receive the follicle and release it from what

A

storage protein (thyroglobulin)

53
Q

what hormones are synthesized from cholesterol and their secretion requires synthesis

A

Steroid hormones

54
Q

are steroid hormones normally stored in the body

A

Not usually

55
Q

what hormones are synthesized from arachidonic acid and are usually paracrines with some exceptions

A

Prostaglandins

56
Q

types of hormones (Catecholamines, thyroid, steroid, prostaglandins) all use a series of what reactions

57
Q

types of hormones (Catecholamines, thyroid, steroid, prostaglandins) perform simple transfer through the what

A

plasma membrane

58
Q

is neural or feedback mechanisms more common

A

Feedback mechanisms are more common; Neural mechanisms are less common

59
Q

Stimulation of preganglionic nerve causes release of catecholamine from adrenal medulla is an example of what mechanism

A

Neural mechanism

60
Q

Feedback mechanisms use what kind of loops

A

Use long, short, and ultra short feedback loops

61
Q

what is the goal of feedback mechanisms

A

adjust secretory rates of hormones to maintain homeostasis

62
Q

is this a long, short, and ultra short feedback loop: hormone released from target tissue and feeds back to release point

A

long feedback loop

63
Q

what are the release points for long, short, and ultra short feedback loops

A

pituitary or hypothalamus

64
Q

is this a long, short, and ultra short feedback loop: negative feedback from pituitary to hypothalamus

A

short feedback loop

65
Q

is this a long, short, and ultra short feedback loop: hypothalamic short hormone inhibiting its own secretion

A

ultra short feedback loop

66
Q

When hormone levels are judged to be adequate or high, further secretion inhibited what kind of feedback is this

A

Negative feedback via a hormone

67
Q

what is the purpose of a negative feedback via a hormone

A

ensures we dont make too much hormone

68
Q

When hormone/substrate levels are judged to be inadequate or low, secretion of hormone is stimulated what kind of feedback is this

A

Negative feedback via a substrate
inhibit insulin when blood glucose is low

69
Q

is Positive feedback common

70
Q

A feature of hormone action causes MORE secretion of the hormone is known as

A

Positive feedback

71
Q

example of positive feedback: estrogen from ovary then follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteinizing hormone(LH) release from anterior pituitary, what would this lead to using positive feedback

A

FSH and LH cause MORE estrogen release

72
Q

example of positive feedback: dilation of cervix causes a release of oxytocin from posterior pituitary which causes uterine contractions, would this lead to more or less dilation of the cervix

A

MORE dilation of cervix

Physiology exam 5 (shelby) (18 decks)

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