Lectures 10-11 Flashcards
Where is the CNS
Within the skull & vertebral canal
The CNS is a derivative of what
The neural tube
Where is the PNS & what does it include
Outside the skull & vertebral canal, includes cranial and spinal nerves
The PNS is a derivative of what
The neural crest
What is the most superior portion of the CNS
Cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon
What is the most inferior portion of the CNS
Spinal cord
What is the frontal lobe responsible for
Motor function
What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for
Executive functions
What is the parietal lobe responsible for
Sensory integration
What is the occipital lobe responsible for
Vision
What is the temporal lobe responsible for
Hearing and memory
What is the cingulate gyrus (part of limbic lobe) responsible for
Emotion
What are the functions of the anterior & posterior thalamus
Anterior thalamus: Motor relay
Posterior thalamus: Sensory relay
What are the functions of the hypothalamus
Controls autonomic nervous system
Identify
The ________ is a conduit between the PNS & CNS; contains centers for many cranial nerve functions
Brainstem
Area of the brainstem responsible for maintenance of consciousness
Reticular formation
How many pairs in the spinal cord
31 pairs of spinal nerves
Above the midbrain: What is anterior/ posterior & superior/ inferior
Anterior-Rostral
Posterior- caudal
Superior- Dorsal
Inferior- Ventral
Where does the orientation switch in the brain when naming structures
Below the midbrain
Below the midbrain what is anterior/ posterior & superior/ inferior
Anterior- Ventral
Posterior- Dorsal
Superior- Rostral
Inferior- Caudal
Label the colored boxes
What does the ectoderm express that inhibits neural tissue
BMP4
What inhibits BMP4 & what happens when it’s inhibited
Signals from notochord inhibit BMP4 which induces neuroectoderm to thicken and is now called the neural plate
What are the first signs of brain development
When the neural folds at the cranial end appear
Identify
When the neural folds join along the midline- the neural plate gets converted into a _______
Neural tube
What is the neural tube
Primordial CNS
What does the neural tube turn into
CNS
What are the letters
NF Neural fold
NG neural groove
The neural tube closure is initiated where
Cervical region (5th somite)
Identify top lines
Neural crest cells arise from where
Dorsal part of the neural tube
Neural crest cells turn into what
PNS
Identify
Neural crest turns into what
PNS
How are neural tube defects diagnosed
Prenatal ultrasound and by elevated levels of α-fetoprotein in the maternal serum and amniotic fluid
How do you decrease the incidence of neural tube defects
Folic acid
What is the functional cell of the nervous system
Neuron
What does the neuron do
Conducts neural impulses
What is the cell that supports neurons
Glial cells
What are the glia cells in the CNS
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells
What is the predominant glial cell in the PNS
Schwann cells
What is the function of the soma
Integrate information
What is the function of dendrites
Reception and transmission of impulses towards cell body
What are the intermediate filaments of neurons
Neurofilaments
Dendrites contain _______ that increase the surface area for synaptic contact
Spines
The cell body of a neuron contains abundant ________
Nissl substance
How do you identify an axon terminal
Huge numbers of synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter
What forms contact with target structures of an axon and holds the vesicles with neurotransmitter?
Terminal bouton
Identify arrows
What is the most common type of synapse
Axodendritic (synapse of an axon terminal onto the DENdrite of another axon
What is an axosomatic synapse
Axon that synapses onto the cell body (soma) of another neuron
What is the area of a neuron that integrates the message
Axon hillock
What is an axoaxonic synapse
Axon terminal ends at another axon- these are mostly inhibitory
Be able to recognize
What kind of synapse is this
What kind of synapse is this
Axosomatic
What kind of synapse is this
Axodendritic
Identify arrows
Neurons can be classified based on their
Morphology
Pseudounipolar neurons have _____ function. Where are they found? Where are their cell bodies?
Sensory function. They’re found in the somatic/ visceral/ taste system. Cell bodies in PNS
Bipolar neurons are always _____ neurons. Where are they found?
Sensory, PNS
Multipolar neurons are the most common where? It can also be identified from having a ___
CNS. Motor neuron
What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?
Multipolar. Central nervous system
What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?
Bipolar, PNS (smell, vision, hearing, vestibular)
What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?
Pseudounipolar, PNS (taste, somatic and visceral nervous systems)
Grey matter in brain is found where and contains what
Covers external surface and contains neuronal cell bodies and dendrites
White matter in brain is found where and contains what
Found internal to the grey matter and appears white when unstained
Identify sections and tissue type
What is unique about spinal cord stain
Different color and orientation
Spinal cord stain is called what
Myelin stain
What color does white matter & grey matter stain using a myelin stain in spinal cord
White matter stains grey, grey matter stains white
In the CNS what are neuronal cell bodies
Nucleus, nuclei, cortex, lamina, column
In the PNS what are neuronal cell bodies
Ganglion
What do somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons have in common
Multipolar neurons, cell bodies in CNS grey matter
How do somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons differ
Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle and visceral motor neurons (autonomic) innervate smooth/cardiac muscle, and glands
What do somatic & visceral sensory neurons have in common
Pseudounipolar neurons, cell bodies in posterior root ganglia
Identify
Sensory ganglion at low magnification (no synapses)
Identify
Autonomic ganglion at low magnification (multipolar motor neurons)
Identify
Identify
Compare at higher mag
Identify
Identify
Whats wrong with this image
Whats wrong with this image
What is responsible for conducting neural impulses
Neurons
What plays a supporting role to neurons
Glial cells
What are the myelinating cells of the CNS
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin
What are the 4 functions of astrocytes in CNS
Maintain tight junctions, regulation ionic environment, impermeable barrier in CNS, glial scar in response to injury
What cells produce CSF in CNS
Ependymal cells
What are the resident phagocytes in CNS
Microglia
What are the myelinating cells of the PNS
Schwann cells
Identify the type of cell
Oligodendrocyte
What is an autoimmune disease from malfunctioning oligodendrocytes
Multiple sclerosis
Identify circles
Myelin shealth
What is a tumor that arises from a neoplastic astrocyte
Glioblastoma
What are the brown things
Identify
What is a disease that comes from malfunctioning Schwann cells
Guillain-Barre syndrome
What is this tissue & what disease is it from
Guillain- Barre syndrome- Schwann cell malfunctioning
What wraps an entire nerve? Wraps fascicles?
Wraps individual neurons?
Identify
Identify
What is the spinal dura composed of
Single layer of meningeal dura only; no dural sinuses or reflections
What is the cranial dura composed of
2 layers- periosteal layer and meningeal layer; fused in most places
What is the real space formed when the meningeal layer detaches from the periosteal layer of the cranial dura
Dural venous sinuses
Identify
What is the meningeal layer that invests the surface of the brain and spinal cord (cannot be removed)
Pia mater
Identify
Identify
Filum terminale: pia mater that extends from the inferior end of the spinal cord and anchors the cord to the coccyx
The epidural space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located?
Between endosteum of skull and periosteal dura; potential space in the brain, a real space in the spinal cord
The subdural space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located?
Potential space between meningeal dura and arachnoid barrier layer in BOTH brain and spinal cord
The subarachnoid space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located? What is it filled with?
Real space between the arachnoid barrier layer and pia mater in BOTH the brain and the spinal cord; traversed by arachnoid trabecular cells; filled with CSF
What are the 2 types of meningitis
Bacterial/ viral meningitis
What are 2 clinical diseases resulting from defects in posterior neuropore
Myeloschisis: Failure of neural folds to elevate; results in flattened mass of neural tissue in lumbar region
Meningomyelocele (Spina bifida): Neural tissue protrudes through lumbar vertebral defect
What are 2 clinical cases resulting from defects in anterior neuropore
Anencephaly: Induction failure of mesoderm
Encephalocele: Bony defect in skull
Identify
Schwann cell
Identify
Oligodendrocyte
Identify
Identify