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Anatomical Sciences 1 > Lectures 10-11 > Flashcards

Lectures 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the CNS

A

Within the skull & vertebral canal

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2
Q

The CNS is a derivative of what

A

The neural tube

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3
Q

Where is the PNS & what does it include

A

Outside the skull & vertebral canal, includes cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

The PNS is a derivative of what

A

The neural crest

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5
Q

What is the most superior portion of the CNS

A

Cerebral hemisphere, diencephalon

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6
Q

What is the most inferior portion of the CNS

A

Spinal cord

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7
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for

A

Motor function

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8
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex responsible for

A

Executive functions

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9
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for

A

Sensory integration

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10
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for

A

Vision

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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for

A

Hearing and memory

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12
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus (part of limbic lobe) responsible for

A

Emotion

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13
Q

What are the functions of the anterior & posterior thalamus

A

Anterior thalamus: Motor relay
Posterior thalamus: Sensory relay

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14
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus

A

Controls autonomic nervous system

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15
Q

Identify

A
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16
Q

The ________ is a conduit between the PNS & CNS; contains centers for many cranial nerve functions

A

Brainstem

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17
Q

Area of the brainstem responsible for maintenance of consciousness

A

Reticular formation

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18
Q

How many pairs in the spinal cord

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves

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19
Q

Above the midbrain: What is anterior/ posterior & superior/ inferior

A

Anterior-Rostral
Posterior- caudal
Superior- Dorsal
Inferior- Ventral

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20
Q

Where does the orientation switch in the brain when naming structures

A

Below the midbrain

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21
Q

Below the midbrain what is anterior/ posterior & superior/ inferior

A

Anterior- Ventral
Posterior- Dorsal
Superior- Rostral
Inferior- Caudal

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22
Q
A

Label the colored boxes

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23
Q

What does the ectoderm express that inhibits neural tissue

A

BMP4

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24
Q

What inhibits BMP4 & what happens when it’s inhibited

A

Signals from notochord inhibit BMP4 which induces neuroectoderm to thicken and is now called the neural plate

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25
Q

What are the first signs of brain development

A

When the neural folds at the cranial end appear

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26
Q

Identify

A
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27
Q

When the neural folds join along the midline- the neural plate gets converted into a _______

A

Neural tube

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28
Q

What is the neural tube

A

Primordial CNS

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29
Q

What does the neural tube turn into

A

CNS

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30
Q

What are the letters

A

NF Neural fold
NG neural groove

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31
Q

The neural tube closure is initiated where

A

Cervical region (5th somite)

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32
Q

Identify top lines

A
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33
Q

Neural crest cells arise from where

A

Dorsal part of the neural tube

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34
Q

Neural crest cells turn into what

A

PNS

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35
Q

Identify

A
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36
Q

Neural crest turns into what

A

PNS

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37
Q

How are neural tube defects diagnosed

A

Prenatal ultrasound and by elevated levels of α-fetoprotein in the maternal serum and amniotic fluid

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38
Q
A
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39
Q

How do you decrease the incidence of neural tube defects

A

Folic acid

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40
Q

What is the functional cell of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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41
Q

What does the neuron do

A

Conducts neural impulses

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42
Q

What is the cell that supports neurons

A

Glial cells

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43
Q

What are the glia cells in the CNS

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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44
Q

What is the predominant glial cell in the PNS

A

Schwann cells

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45
Q

What is the function of the soma

A

Integrate information

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46
Q

What is the function of dendrites

A

Reception and transmission of impulses towards cell body

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47
Q

What are the intermediate filaments of neurons

A

Neurofilaments

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48
Q

Dendrites contain _______ that increase the surface area for synaptic contact

A

Spines

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49
Q

The cell body of a neuron contains abundant ________

A

Nissl substance

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50
Q

How do you identify an axon terminal

A

Huge numbers of synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitter

51
Q

What forms contact with target structures of an axon and holds the vesicles with neurotransmitter?

A

Terminal bouton

52
Q

Identify arrows

A
53
Q

What is the most common type of synapse

A

Axodendritic (synapse of an axon terminal onto the DENdrite of another axon

54
Q

What is an axosomatic synapse

A

Axon that synapses onto the cell body (soma) of another neuron

55
Q

What is the area of a neuron that integrates the message

A

Axon hillock

56
Q

What is an axoaxonic synapse

A

Axon terminal ends at another axon- these are mostly inhibitory

57
Q

Be able to recognize

A
58
Q

What kind of synapse is this

A
59
Q

What kind of synapse is this

A

Axosomatic

60
Q

What kind of synapse is this

A

Axodendritic

61
Q

Identify arrows

A
62
Q

Neurons can be classified based on their

A

Morphology

63
Q

Pseudounipolar neurons have _____ function. Where are they found? Where are their cell bodies?

A

Sensory function. They’re found in the somatic/ visceral/ taste system. Cell bodies in PNS

64
Q

Bipolar neurons are always _____ neurons. Where are they found?

A

Sensory, PNS

65
Q

Multipolar neurons are the most common where? It can also be identified from having a ___

A

CNS. Motor neuron

66
Q

What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?

A

Multipolar. Central nervous system

67
Q

What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?

A

Bipolar, PNS (smell, vision, hearing, vestibular)

68
Q

What kind of neuron is this? Where is it found?

A

Pseudounipolar, PNS (taste, somatic and visceral nervous systems)

69
Q

Grey matter in brain is found where and contains what

A

Covers external surface and contains neuronal cell bodies and dendrites

70
Q

White matter in brain is found where and contains what

A

Found internal to the grey matter and appears white when unstained

71
Q

Identify sections and tissue type

A
72
Q

What is unique about spinal cord stain

A

Different color and orientation

73
Q

Spinal cord stain is called what

A

Myelin stain

74
Q

What color does white matter & grey matter stain using a myelin stain in spinal cord

A

White matter stains grey, grey matter stains white

75
Q

In the CNS what are neuronal cell bodies

A

Nucleus, nuclei, cortex, lamina, column

76
Q

In the PNS what are neuronal cell bodies

A

Ganglion

77
Q

What do somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons have in common

A

Multipolar neurons, cell bodies in CNS grey matter

78
Q

How do somatic motor neurons and visceral motor neurons differ

A

Somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle and visceral motor neurons (autonomic) innervate smooth/cardiac muscle, and glands

79
Q

What do somatic & visceral sensory neurons have in common

A

Pseudounipolar neurons, cell bodies in posterior root ganglia

80
Q

Identify

A

Sensory ganglion at low magnification (no synapses)

81
Q

Identify

A

Autonomic ganglion at low magnification (multipolar motor neurons)

82
Q

Identify

A
83
Q

Identify

A
84
Q

Compare at higher mag

A
85
Q

Identify

A
86
Q

Identify

A
87
Q

Whats wrong with this image

A
88
Q

Whats wrong with this image

A
89
Q

What is responsible for conducting neural impulses

A

Neurons

90
Q

What plays a supporting role to neurons

A

Glial cells

91
Q

What are the myelinating cells of the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes produce myelin

92
Q

What are the 4 functions of astrocytes in CNS

A

Maintain tight junctions, regulation ionic environment, impermeable barrier in CNS, glial scar in response to injury

93
Q

What cells produce CSF in CNS

A

Ependymal cells

94
Q

What are the resident phagocytes in CNS

A

Microglia

95
Q

What are the myelinating cells of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

96
Q

Identify the type of cell

A

Oligodendrocyte

97
Q

What is an autoimmune disease from malfunctioning oligodendrocytes

A

Multiple sclerosis

98
Q

Identify circles

A

Myelin shealth

99
Q

What is a tumor that arises from a neoplastic astrocyte

A

Glioblastoma

100
Q

What are the brown things

A
101
Q

Identify

A
102
Q

What is a disease that comes from malfunctioning Schwann cells

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

103
Q

What is this tissue & what disease is it from

A

Guillain- Barre syndrome- Schwann cell malfunctioning

104
Q

What wraps an entire nerve? Wraps fascicles?
Wraps individual neurons?

A
105
Q

Identify

A
106
Q

Identify

A
107
Q

What is the spinal dura composed of

A

Single layer of meningeal dura only; no dural sinuses or reflections

108
Q

What is the cranial dura composed of

A

2 layers- periosteal layer and meningeal layer; fused in most places

109
Q

What is the real space formed when the meningeal layer detaches from the periosteal layer of the cranial dura

A

Dural venous sinuses

110
Q

Identify

A
111
Q

What is the meningeal layer that invests the surface of the brain and spinal cord (cannot be removed)

A

Pia mater

112
Q

Identify

A
113
Q

Identify

A

Filum terminale: pia mater that extends from the inferior end of the spinal cord and anchors the cord to the coccyx

114
Q

The epidural space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located?

A

Between endosteum of skull and periosteal dura; potential space in the brain, a real space in the spinal cord

115
Q

The subdural space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located?

A

Potential space between meningeal dura and arachnoid barrier layer in BOTH brain and spinal cord

116
Q

The subarachnoid space is a real space & potential space where? Where is it located? What is it filled with?

A

Real space between the arachnoid barrier layer and pia mater in BOTH the brain and the spinal cord; traversed by arachnoid trabecular cells; filled with CSF

117
Q

What are the 2 types of meningitis

A

Bacterial/ viral meningitis

118
Q

What are 2 clinical diseases resulting from defects in posterior neuropore

A

Myeloschisis: Failure of neural folds to elevate; results in flattened mass of neural tissue in lumbar region
Meningomyelocele (Spina bifida): Neural tissue protrudes through lumbar vertebral defect

119
Q

What are 2 clinical cases resulting from defects in anterior neuropore

A

Anencephaly: Induction failure of mesoderm
Encephalocele: Bony defect in skull

120
Q

Identify

A

Schwann cell

121
Q

Identify

A

Oligodendrocyte

122
Q

Identify

A
123
Q

Identify

A

Anatomical Sciences 1 (20 decks)

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