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Anatomical Sciences 1 > Lecture 16- Blood > Flashcards

Lecture 16- Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a specialized CT that has a fluid ECM called ______ that allows it to circulate

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What is plasma composed of

A

Mostly water (90%), plasma proteins (antibodies/clotting factors)

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3
Q

What is plasma

A

Blood extra cellular matrix

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4
Q

What are formed elements

A

Blood cells (RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets)

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5
Q

Serum is plasma without the ______

A

Clotting factors

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6
Q

What is a RBC count

A

The number of RBCs in a specified volume of blood

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7
Q

RBC’s lack what/ last for how long

A

No nucleus or major organelles, roughly 120 days

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8
Q

Hemolysis occurs where & by what

A

Macrophages, in bone marrow and spleen

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9
Q

What are reticulocytes

A

Larger, rounder, immature RBCs

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10
Q

When are reticulocytes released

A

Released from bone marrow in times of hypoxia (bleeding, anemia)

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11
Q

What does a high reticulocyte indicate

A

Bleeding or anemia

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12
Q

WBC count:

A

Number of WBCs in a specified volume of blood

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13
Q

Why do leukocytes stand out in blood smears

A

Because they are the only nucleated cells in blood

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14
Q

Types of WBCs are discussed with

A

White cell differentials.

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15
Q

Elevated white blood cell count is called what

A

Leukocytosis

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16
Q

What does leukocytosis reflect

A

Infection, allergic reaction, leukemia, or other disorders.

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17
Q

What are low counts of white blood cells called & what do they reflect

A

Leukopenia, immunosuppressive
drugs or chemotherapy

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18
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes) play a role in

A

Hemostasis to limit hemorrhaging

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19
Q

What are platelets

A

Cell fragments (have mitochondria, secretory vesicles, no nucleus)

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20
Q

What do platelets secrete

A

Clotting mediators (vasoconstrictors, coagulation factors, fibrinolytic factors, and angiogenic factors)

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21
Q

What is it called when platelets adhere to collagen in injured vessels

A

Platelet plug

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22
Q

Elevated platelets are called what/ what could it lead to

A

Thrombocytosis, may lead to blood clotting

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23
Q

Low platelets are called what/ what could it lead to

A

Thrombocytopenia and may present as spontaneous bruising or bleeding, or tarry stool.

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24
Q

Hemoglobin count (HBC):

A

Grams of hemoglobin in a volume of blood

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25
Low HBC is the basis for diagnosis of ________. Causes include ________
Anemia, iron deficiency, bleeding, or hemolysis of defective RBCs
26
Hematocrit (HCT):
Percent of blood volume comprised of RBCs
27
Another term for hematocrit is what
Packed cell volume
28
Why would hematocrit be elevated
RBC neoplasia (polycythemia vera)
29
HCT- Secondary polycythemia is due to increased ______, usually from chronic _____ (bleeding, COPD, anemia, etc.).
EPO secretion, hypoxia. Bleeding and anemia may also be reflected by low HCT
30
Mean corpuscle volume (MCV):
Average size of RBCs
31
MCV includes what
Mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes
32
(small MCV) Microcytosis
RBCs are small in size due to iron deficiency or some type of structural defect
33
(Large MCV) Macrocytosis:
RBCs are large if there is a high percentage of reticulocytes in blood since they are larger than mature RBCs
34
An atypical MCV is typically found with _______
Anemia
35
Microcytic hypochromic anemia:
Small, pale RBCs caused by iron deficiency or thalassemia, an inherited hemoglobin defect
36
Normocytic normochromic anemia:
Normal RBCs but low HBC because of acute RBC loss from acute bleeding or acute hemolytic anemia, which is the pathologic destruction of RBCs
37
Macrocytic normochromic anemia:
Loss of RBCs from chronic bleeding or chronic hemolytic anemia leads to release of large, immature RBCs called reticulocytes
38
Too many RBCs is called
Polycythemia vera
39
RBCs that are small and have an overly large pale center may indicate ______
Anemia
40
Abnormal cell shape may indicate
Hemoglobinopathy
41
WBC differential:
Percentage of each type of WBC
42
What is a WBC differential used to diagnose
Types of infection, allergic reactions, leukemia, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatments
43
What are the 2 ways that a WBC differential is divided
Divided into those with cytoplasmic granules (granulocytes) and those without (agranulocytes)
44
Identify
45
Identify
46
Identify
47
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
48
Identify
49
Identify
50
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes
Monocytes, lymphocytes
51
Elevated neutrophils indicate _______
Bacterial infection
52
What do neutrophils do and where are they found
Phagocytose debris, main component of pus
53
Elevated lymphocytes would be found in what
Virally infected cells, foreign cells, tumors
54
What are the precursors to all macrophages
Monocytes
55
Monocytosis (elevated monocytes) would be found when
Chronic infections
56
Eosinophils fight what
Parasitic worms and fungal infections
57
Eosinophils secrete enzymes that do what
Inactivate inflammatory cells (mast cells)
58
Eosinophils phagocytose what
Antigen-antibody complexes
59
Eosinophils would be elevated during what
Asthma and allergic reactions (and fungal/ parasitic infections)
60
Basophils are associated with what
ANAPHYLAXIS
61
Basophils secrete what 2 kinds of granules and for what purpose
Histamine, leukotriene. To mediate inflammation
62
Polycythemia vera
63
Neutrophils
64
Lymphocytes
65
Monocytes
66
Eosinophils
67
Basophils
68
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur
Bone marrow
69
Blood cell production occurs in _____ marrow, which is largely replaced by _____ marrow in adults.
Red, fatty yellow
70
Constitutive hematopoiesis is ____
Ongoing
71
Inductive hematopoiesis is
An increase in blood cells in response to hypoxia, inflammation, or infection.
72
During a hematopoietic crisis, the liver or spleen can become _______
Hematogenous in adults.
73
Aspiration biopsy:
Red marrow aspiration with a syringe, usually from the sternum or iliac crest
74
Trephine (needle) biopsy:
Core of bone is removed, usually from the iliac crest, mounted on a slide, and stained. Bone is visible in the section. This method keeps the reticular CT structure of the marrow intact but is more time consuming and invasive.
75
What type of biopsy is this
76
What type of biopsy is this
77
Hematopoietic stem cells can become what kind of cells
All types
78
Deficiency of vitamin _______ or ________, which is needed for DNA synthesis during cell proliferation, reduces or inhibits hematopoiesis. Result is pancytopenia.
B12 or folate
79
The stromal cells in marrow constitutively secrete ______ to continue the process of hematopoiesis
SCF (stem cell factor)
80
Stem cell factor maintains what
The population of hematopoietic stem cells
81
The kidney secretes _______ when stimulated by _______
Erythropoietin, hypoxia
82
What does erythropoietin encourage
Erythropoiesis
83
Immune cells secrete ______ when stimulated by ______
CSF (colony stimulating factor), infection
84
CSF (colony stimulating factor) encourages what process
Leukopoiesis
85
The liver secretes _________ when stimulated by _______
Thrombopoietin, low platelet count
86
Thrombopoietin encourages what process
Thrombopoiesis
87
Platelets are small cell fragments derived from what
Megakaryocytes
88
A deficiency of ______ will reduce or inhibit erythropoiesis
Iron
89
Reticulocytes are a precursor to what cells
Erythrocytes
90
What is thrombopoiesis
Making platelets from megakaryocytes
91
Granulocytes are generated by what process
Granulopoiesis
92
What is a left shift
When you start seeing premature neutrophils (band/ stab neutrophils) in blood from inflammation or infection
93
Platelets pool in the ______ for 2-4 days before circulating
Spleen
94
Sequestration in the spleen can cause
Thrombocytopenia
95

Anatomical Sciences 1 (20 decks)

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