Lecture 16- Blood Flashcards
Blood is a specialized CT that has a fluid ECM called ______ that allows it to circulate
Plasma
What is plasma composed of
Mostly water (90%), plasma proteins (antibodies/clotting factors)
What is plasma
Blood extra cellular matrix
What are formed elements
Blood cells (RBC’s, WBC’s, platelets)
Serum is plasma without the ______
Clotting factors
What is a RBC count
The number of RBCs in a specified volume of blood
RBC’s lack what/ last for how long
No nucleus or major organelles, roughly 120 days
Hemolysis occurs where & by what
Macrophages, in bone marrow and spleen
What are reticulocytes
Larger, rounder, immature RBCs
When are reticulocytes released
Released from bone marrow in times of hypoxia (bleeding, anemia)
What does a high reticulocyte indicate
Bleeding or anemia
WBC count:
Number of WBCs in a specified volume of blood
Why do leukocytes stand out in blood smears
Because they are the only nucleated cells in blood
Types of WBCs are discussed with
White cell differentials.
Elevated white blood cell count is called what
Leukocytosis
What does leukocytosis reflect
Infection, allergic reaction, leukemia, or other disorders.
What are low counts of white blood cells called & what do they reflect
Leukopenia, immunosuppressive
drugs or chemotherapy
Platelets (thrombocytes) play a role in
Hemostasis to limit hemorrhaging
What are platelets
Cell fragments (have mitochondria, secretory vesicles, no nucleus)
What do platelets secrete
Clotting mediators (vasoconstrictors, coagulation factors, fibrinolytic factors, and angiogenic factors)
What is it called when platelets adhere to collagen in injured vessels
Platelet plug
Elevated platelets are called what/ what could it lead to
Thrombocytosis, may lead to blood clotting
Low platelets are called what/ what could it lead to
Thrombocytopenia and may present as spontaneous bruising or bleeding, or tarry stool.
Hemoglobin count (HBC):
Grams of hemoglobin in a volume of blood
Low HBC is the basis for diagnosis of
________. Causes include ________
Anemia, iron deficiency, bleeding, or
hemolysis of defective RBCs
Hematocrit (HCT):
Percent of blood volume comprised of RBCs
Another term for hematocrit is what
Packed cell volume
Why would hematocrit be elevated
RBC neoplasia (polycythemia vera)
HCT- Secondary polycythemia is due to increased ______, usually from chronic _____ (bleeding, COPD, anemia, etc.).
EPO secretion, hypoxia. Bleeding and anemia may also be reflected by low HCT
Mean corpuscle volume (MCV):
Average size of RBCs
MCV includes what
Mature erythrocytes and reticulocytes
(small MCV) Microcytosis
RBCs are small in size due to iron deficiency or some type of structural defect
(Large MCV) Macrocytosis:
RBCs are large if there is a high percentage of reticulocytes in blood since they are larger than mature RBCs
An atypical MCV is typically found with _______
Anemia
Microcytic hypochromic anemia:
Small, pale RBCs caused by iron deficiency or thalassemia, an inherited hemoglobin defect
Normocytic normochromic anemia:
Normal RBCs but low HBC because of acute RBC loss from acute bleeding or acute hemolytic anemia, which is the pathologic destruction of RBCs
Macrocytic normochromic anemia:
Loss of RBCs from chronic bleeding or chronic hemolytic anemia leads to release of large, immature RBCs called reticulocytes
Too many RBCs is called
Polycythemia vera
RBCs that are small and have an overly large pale center may indicate ______
Anemia
Abnormal cell shape may indicate
Hemoglobinopathy
WBC differential:
Percentage of each type of WBC
What is a WBC differential used to diagnose
Types of infection, allergic reactions, leukemia, and to monitor the effectiveness of treatments
What are the 2 ways that a WBC differential is divided
Divided into those with cytoplasmic granules (granulocytes) and those without (agranulocytes)
Identify
Identify
Identify
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
Identify
Identify
What are the 2 types of agranulocytes
Monocytes, lymphocytes
Elevated neutrophils indicate _______
Bacterial infection
What do neutrophils do and where are they found
Phagocytose debris, main component of pus
Elevated lymphocytes would be found in what
Virally infected cells, foreign cells, tumors
What are the precursors to all macrophages
Monocytes
Monocytosis (elevated monocytes) would be found when
Chronic infections
Eosinophils fight what
Parasitic worms and fungal infections
Eosinophils secrete enzymes that do what
Inactivate inflammatory cells (mast cells)
Eosinophils phagocytose what
Antigen-antibody complexes
Eosinophils would be elevated during what
Asthma and allergic reactions (and fungal/ parasitic infections)
Basophils are associated with what
ANAPHYLAXIS
Basophils secrete what 2 kinds of granules and for what purpose
Histamine, leukotriene. To mediate inflammation
Polycythemia vera
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Where does hematopoiesis mainly occur
Bone marrow
Blood cell production occurs in _____ marrow,
which is largely replaced by _____
marrow in adults.
Red, fatty yellow
Constitutive hematopoiesis is ____
Ongoing
Inductive hematopoiesis is
An increase in blood cells in response to hypoxia,
inflammation, or infection.
During a hematopoietic crisis, the
liver or spleen can become _______
Hematogenous in adults.
Aspiration biopsy:
Red marrow aspiration with a syringe, usually from the sternum or iliac crest
Trephine (needle) biopsy:
Core of bone is removed, usually from the iliac crest, mounted on a slide, and stained. Bone is
visible in the section. This method keeps the reticular CT structure of the marrow intact but is more time consuming and invasive.
What type of biopsy is this
What type of biopsy is this
Hematopoietic stem cells can become what kind of cells
All types
Deficiency of vitamin _______ or ________, which is needed for DNA synthesis during cell proliferation, reduces or inhibits hematopoiesis. Result is pancytopenia.
B12 or folate
The stromal cells in marrow constitutively secrete ______ to continue the process of hematopoiesis
SCF (stem cell factor)
Stem cell factor maintains what
The population of hematopoietic stem cells
The kidney secretes _______ when stimulated by _______
Erythropoietin, hypoxia
What does erythropoietin encourage
Erythropoiesis
Immune cells secrete ______ when stimulated by ______
CSF (colony stimulating factor), infection
CSF (colony stimulating factor) encourages what process
Leukopoiesis
The liver secretes _________ when stimulated by _______
Thrombopoietin, low platelet count
Thrombopoietin encourages what process
Thrombopoiesis
Platelets are small cell fragments derived from what
Megakaryocytes
A deficiency of ______ will reduce or inhibit erythropoiesis
Iron
Reticulocytes are a precursor to what cells
Erythrocytes
What is thrombopoiesis
Making platelets from megakaryocytes
Granulocytes are generated by what process
Granulopoiesis
What is a left shift
When you start seeing premature neutrophils (band/ stab neutrophils) in blood from inflammation or infection
Platelets pool in the ______ for 2-4 days before circulating
Spleen
Sequestration in the spleen can cause
Thrombocytopenia
