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Anatomical Sciences 1 > Lecture 4- Embryology > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

How does the medical model view disability

A

As a deficiency or abnormality

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2
Q

What is the remedy of disability according to the medical model

A

Cure or normalization of the individual

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3
Q

How does the social model view disability

A

As being different

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4
Q

According to the social model how is disability remedied

A

By making society become more accessible to the individual

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5
Q

According to the social model what does disability derive from?

A

From the interaction of the individual with society

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6
Q

According to the medical model what does disability derive from?

A

The individual’s physical or mental limitations

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7
Q

Atypical bodies don’t always require _______

A

Treatment or cure

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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal embryology

A

Pre-embryonic, embryonic, fetal

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9
Q

What is the timeframe of the pre-embryonic stage?

A

1-2 weeks

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10
Q

What is the timeframe of the embryonic stage?

A

3-8 weeks

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11
Q

What is the timeframe of the fetal stage?

A

9-38 weeks

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12
Q

What age do clinicians use

A

Gestational age

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13
Q

When is gestational timed from

A

The last normal menstrual period

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14
Q

Gestational age in weeks =’s ____________ age in weeks +2

A

Embryonic

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15
Q

What are the major events of the pre-embryonic stage

A

Fertilization, blastocyst (formation of and implantation of), bilaminar disc

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16
Q

What happens in the embryonic stage?

A

Gastrulation, neurulation, body folding, origin of organ systems

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17
Q

What what happens in the fetal stage?

A

Rapid growth, maturation of tissues and organs

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18
Q

What is a teratogen

A

Genetic/ environmental agent that alters the development of the embryo/ fetus

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19
Q

When is the greatest risk of of developing a congenital difference

A

The embryonic period

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20
Q

A teratogen in the pre-embryonic period will cause what

A

A spontaneous abortion

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21
Q

Superior direction in an adult is _____ in an embryo

A

Cranial (cephalic)

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22
Q

Inferior direction in an adult is _____ in an embryo

A

Caudal

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23
Q

What 3 things happen in week 1 of the pre-embryonic stage

A

Fertilization, blastocyst, implantation

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24
Q

What happens in week 2 of the pre-embryonic stage

A

Bilaminar disc

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25
Fertilization is the union of what
Gametes (sperm & ovum)
26
Where is the normal site of implantation
Ampulla of fallopian tube
27
After the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the oocyte what is formed
The zygote
28
Familiarize yourself
29
Implantations that occur in the abdominal cavity commonly occur where
In the rectouterine pouch
30
Identify arrows
31
What are the 2 steps of IVF
▪ Oocytes collected via laparoscopy and placed in culture dish ▪ Sperm added immediately
32
What are the 2 steps in intracytoplasmic sperm injection
▪ Oocytes collected like in IVF ▪ A single sperm is injected into oocyte (circumvents male infertility)
33
ARTs are associated with 30-40% risk of what
Spontaneous abortions, multiple births, low birth weight, preterm delivery
34
During week 1 what do cleavage and compaction achieve
Cleavage: Increases cell number without increasing mass (cells get smaller) Compaction
35
Compaction forms what 2 things in week 1
An outer cell mass and an inner cell mass
36
Cleavage of week one ends with what
Formation of a blastocyst
37
Define blastocyst
Morula with a fluid-filled cavity
38
What is the outer cell mass called in week 1&2
Trophoblast
39
What is the inner cell mass called in week 1
Embryoblast
40
What are the arrows pointing to
41
The blastocyst hatches from _____ to allow implantation
Zona pellucida
42
Day 6: where does the initial implantation of the blastocyst occur
43
Week 2- What are the 2 things that the trophoblast develops into?
Syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblast
44
Week 2- What are the 2 things that the Embryoblast develops into?
Epiblast, hypoblast
45
A morula is composed of how many cells
16
45
What is the order of naming the baby in the first week
Blastomere--> morula-->blastocyst
46
Week 2- What are the 2 cavities formed by the epiblast & hypoblast?
Amniotic cavity, chorionic cavity
47
Week 2- What are the 2 things that the extra-embryonic mesoderm develops into by the chorionic cavity splitting?
Parietal layer, visceral layer
48
Appearance at the end of week 2- identify arrows coming from the top
49
Appearance at the end of week 2- identify arrows coming from the right
50
Appearance at the end of week 2- identify arrows coming from the bottom
51
What happens in week 2
The completion of implantation
52
The hole in the uterine mucosa heals by when
Day 13- the blastocyst is now within the uterine mucosa
53
Week 2- The trophoblast part of blastocyst continues to erode into endometrium and will eventually establish _______________
Uteroplacental circulation
54
What does the syncytiotrophoblast do
Acts as a barrier between the fetal and moms blood
55
What does the syncytiotrophoblast secrete in week 2
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG-maintains corpus luteum), Progesterone
56
What does the cytotrophoblast act as
Stem cell reserve
57
What erodes the uterine epithelium during implantation
Syncytiotrophoblast
58
What are the derivatives of the epiblast?
Body of the embryo, amniotic sac
59
What are the derivatives of the hypoblast?
Yolk sac (replaces blastocyst), extra embryonic mesoderm
60
What causes the embryoblast to differentiate into the epiblast and the hypoblast
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
61
When viewed dorsally the epiblast and the hypoblast form what
Bilaminar disc
62
The amniotic cavity forms the _____
Epiblast
63
The chorionic cavity forms between the yolk sac and cytotrophoblast from a new tissue layer called the ________
Extra embryonic mesoderm
64
What lines the yolk sac
Visceral EEM (gives rise to initial blood cells & vessels in week 3)
65
Formation of the chorionic cavity splits the extra-embryonic mesoderm into what 2 layers
Parietal, visceral
66
Gastrulation happens in what weeks
3-4 (cranial end finishes before caudal end)
67
Gastrulation begins with what
The appearance of the primitive streak on the epiblast
68
Gastrulation does what
Forms 3 germ layers
69
What are the 3 germ layers that gastrulation gives rise to
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
70
What forms at the head end of the primitive streak?
Primitive node
71
The primitive node secretes what
Fibroblast growth factor 8 (FGF8)
72
What does fibroblast growth factor 8 control
The cell migration of epiblast cells
73
Along the midline, a solid cord of cells differentiates into the _____
Notochord
74
What are the 3 functions of the notochord- to signal the formation of the....
Midline axis of the embryo, axial skeleton, neural tube
75
FGF8 causes the epiblast cells to do what
Invaginate at the primitive node and migrate cranially
76
Invaginating epiblast cells that replace hypoblast cells differentiate into _____
Endoderm
77
Invaginating epiblast cells that stay between endoderm & epiblast differentiate into ______
Mesoderm
78
Epiblast cells that remain on the surface differentiate into _______
Ectoderm
79
Ectoderm gives rise to what
Tissues & organs that maintain contact with external environment (e.g., epidermis, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neural crest cells)
80
Mesoderm gives rise to what
Connective tissues, muscle, vascular & urogenital systems
81
Endoderm gives rise to what
Endoderm gives rise to epithelial lining of digestive & respiratory systems, bladder & urethra; parenchyma of various glands
82
What can develop from uncontrolled growth of pluripotent embryoblast cells
Teratoma (germ cell tumor)
83
What is a totipotent cell derived from & what can it form into
Derived from zygote or blastocyst; can form any cell or tissue type
84
What is a pluripotent (AKA embryonic stem cell) cell derived from & what can it form into
Derived from embryoblast; can form any of three germ layers and derivatives
85
What is a multipotent (progenitor cell) cell derived from & what can it form into
Found in red marrow and embryo and adult; can form a few cell types (e.g., hemopoietic progenitor cell forming different types of adult blood cells)
86
What is a unipotent (precursor cell) cell derived from & what can it form into
Found in embryo and adult; can form a single cell type
87
What is a summary of week 1
88
What is a summary of week 2
89
What is a summary of weeks 1-3
90
High levels of HcG in urine indicate what
A successful implantation has occurred
91
The extra-embryonic mesoderm lines what cavity
Chorionic cavity
92
Gastrulation establishes what
Tissue lineages

Anatomical Sciences 1 (20 decks)

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