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Anatomical Sciences 1 > Lecture 20 > Flashcards

Lecture 20 Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage and bone are specialized connective tissues called ________

A

Skeletal tissues

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2
Q

Skeletal tissues are rigid – primary function is _________

A

Structural support

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3
Q

Identify

A
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4
Q

Identify

A
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5
Q

Mammalian cartilages are typically ______

A

Avascular

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6
Q

ECM promotes diffusion – hydrated by _________ and strengthened by _________

A

Ground substance, collagens

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7
Q

What does ground substance contain

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and
proteoglycans

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8
Q

What is the cartilage cell and what does it do

A

Chondrocyte, secretes and maintains ECM

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9
Q

What does the chondrocyte secrete

A

GAG’s, procollagens

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10
Q

Identify

A
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11
Q

Identify

A
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12
Q

Identify

A
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13
Q

Look/ ECM/ functions/ distribution of Hyaline cartilage

A
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14
Q

Look/ ECM/ functions/ distribution of Elastic cartilage

A
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15
Q

Look/ ECM/ functions/ distribution of fibrocartilage cartilage

A
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16
Q

What is a form of hyaline cartilage that degenerates with age

A

Articular cartilage

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17
Q

Early degeneration of articular cartilage shows what

A

Fibrillation

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18
Q

Progressive degeneration of articular cartilage causes what

A

Osteoarthritis

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19
Q

What is cauliflower ear from

A

Blunt force trauma to ear causes hematoma (blood pool) and separation of perichondrium from cartilage

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20
Q

When damaged, cartilage has ___________

A

Limited regenerative ability

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21
Q

What does a tear in the fibrocartilage annulus fibrosis cause

A

Herniated intervertebral disc

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22
Q

Facts about herniated intervertebral disc

A
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23
Q

Elastic cartilage thats damaged can turn into what

A

Cauliflower ear

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24
Q

Fibrocartilage thats damaged can turn into what

A

Herniated intervertebral disc

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25
Mammalian bone is typically _________ with capillaries enclosed by a network of _________
Vascularized, vascular canals
26
Unlike cartilage, bone has _________
High oxygen needs
27
Bone is mineralized which ______________ and acts as a ________________
Strengthens the skeleton, acts as a calcium store
28
The osteocyte maintains the ___________, _________ ECM as needed
Mineralized ECM, depositing and resorbing ECM
29
Bone- Molecular exchange occurs through tiny interconnected tunnels in ECM called _______
Canaliculi.
30
Osteocytes extend processes into canaliculi to connect with neighbors for communication and ___________.
Exchange of nutrients and wastes
31
Identify arrows
32
What is an osteoprogenitor cell
Unipotent stem cell that replenishes osteoblasts
33
Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteoprogenitor cells occur where
On the periosteum (outside) and endosteum (internal surface)
34
Identify types of cells
35
What do osteoblasts do/ what can they become
36
What is a bone-lining cell
Flat and inactive
37
What do osteoclasts do
38
Identify
39
Bone ECM is secreted one layer at a time primarily by _________
Osteoblasts
40
The organic portion of bone ECM consists mainly of what
Type I collagen fibers
41
The organic ECM is pale before mineralization and is called what
Osteoid
42
Identify
43
____________ is the mineral part of bone ECM and is added to the osteoid
Hydroxyapatite
44
Osteoblasts secrete _______ to concentrate calcium ions in the osteoid
Osteocalcin
45
Osteoblasts then release _______, which crystallize hydroxyapatite around the collagen fibers
Matrix vesicles
46
Matrix vesicles contain _________, which is a marker for bone ECM formation
Alkaline phosphatase
47
How do osteoclasts decalcify the ECM
By lowering the pH with proton pumps
48
Byproducts of resorption (e.g., calcium ions) are endocytosed by the osteoclast and secreted where
Into blood capillaries
49
A _______ is evidence of prior osteoclastic activity – resorptive cavity
Scalloped surface
50
Hyperactivity of osteoclasts can lead to what
Low bone mass like osteoporosis
51
Identify
52
Identify
53
What does woven bone represent
Woven bone shows disorganized cells and ECM, Woven bone reflects fast growth (e.g., fetal growth, fracture repair)
54
What does lamellar bone represent
Lamellar bone shows layering of cells and ECM (layer=lamella), Lamellar bone reflects slow growth
55
Where does red marrow live
Medullary cavity
56
Identify the parts of bone
57
What is the embryological origin of bone
 Lineages of neural crest cell, paraxial mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm give rise to bones
58
_________ condenses from neural crest cell and mesoderm lineages
Mesenchyme (embryonic CT)
59
In humans, what are the 2 ways that bones can develop from mesenchyme?
Intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification
60
Intramembranous ossification – mesenchyme develops under __________ into bone without cartilage precursor
High oxygen tension
61
Endochondral ossification – mesenchyme develops _______________. When the cartilage is vascularized, it is replaced by bone.
Hyaline cartilage model under low oxygen tension
62
Identify- Intramembranous ossification
63
Identify- endochondral ossification
64
Cartilage model formed initially under low oxygen tension is replaced in steps:
 Midshaft perichondrium transforms into periosteum  Vascular invasion and formation of primary center of ossification in diaphysis  Vascular invasion and formation of secondary centers of ossification at epiphyses
65
What are the 2 kinds of growth that cartilage uses
Appositional growth and interstitial growth
66
In appositional growth, the dense CT perichondrium that surrounds hyaline and elastic cartilage _______________ and ECM to the surface of the cartilage
Adds new chondrocytes
67
In interstitial growth, a chondrocyte divides into a cluster of ___________ called __________. The daughter cells move apart from each other as they secrete ECM, increasing tissue volume from within
Daughter cells called an isogenous group
68
Bone is mineralized, so it can only increase in volume by _______
Appositional growth
69
What lines the external surface of bones
Periosteum
70
What lines the internal vascular cavities of bone
Endosteum
71
Periosteal apposition ________ the bone
Widens (thickens)
72
Endosteal apposition _________
Infills the bone (converts cancellous to compact)
73
Major damage: fracture healing
74
Minor damage: microfracture repair
74
Increased apposition relative to resorption leads to _____________
High bone mass and brittleness
75
Decreased apposition relative to resorption leads to _____________
Low bone mass and weakness
76
What is a major diagnostic sign of Paget's disease
Osteons with poor lamellae and wavy reversal lines
77
What is the cause of Paget's disease
Disorganized bone remodeling caused by accelerated resorption and apposition
78
C
79
D
80

Anatomical Sciences 1 (20 decks)

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