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Foundation of Cognition > Lecture_15_Clinical Neuroscience > Flashcards

Lecture_15_Clinical Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Clinical Neuroscience

A
  • Cognitive symptoms
  • Treatments have cognitive side-effects
  • Cognitive risk and protective factors for disorders
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2
Q

Neurovascular Units

A

The brain is intimately linked to the rest of the body
- Neurons, glia and blood vessels work together in the brain
- Anything that influences one part of the neurovascular unit will influence the others
- Brain activity and blood flow are intimately linked
- The brain pulses with blood flow
- FMRI

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3
Q

3 Types of Congenital Disorders

A
  1. Malformative Lesions
  2. Destructive Lesions
  3. Migrational Lesions
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4
Q

Malformative Lesions

A

The brain didn’t form in the right structure
- E.g. Callosal dysgenesis

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5
Q

Destructive Lesions

A

Damage caused by infection, trauma etc.

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6
Q

Migrational Lesions

A

Structural abnormalities caused by incorrect cell migrations during development

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7
Q

2 Types of Acquired Brain Injury

A
  1. Traumatic
  2. Non-traumatic
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8
Q

Traumatic Brain Injury

A

EXTERNAL events that damage the brain
- E.g. car crash, violence, sports injuries etc

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9
Q

Non-traumatic Brain Injury

A

INTERNAL events that damage the brain
E.g. stroke, cancer, infection, anoxia (lack of oxygen) etc

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10
Q

Neurodegenerative Diseases

A
  • Alzheimer’s
  • Parkinson’s
  • Multiple sclerosis
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11
Q

Callosal Agenesis/Dysgenesis

A

A complete absence of corpus callosum in the brain, or often, it is much smaller than in most people

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12
Q

Callosal Dysgenesis: Cognitive
Impairments

A
  • Worse social communication and emotion recognition
  • Slower processing speed
  • Relatively poor complex problem solving
  • But, IQ may be in the normal range
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13
Q

Corpus Collosum

A

Connects the two hemispheres
- Homotopic organization: Cortical areas in one hemisphere are connected to the same area in the other hemisphere

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14
Q

Commissures

A

Connections between hemispheres

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15
Q

Why cognitive impairments are not much more obvious in Callosal Dysgenesis?

A

The corpus callosum is not the only connection between the hemispheres
- When the largest doesn’t develop correctly
- It’s likely that some of the others adapt to carry addition inter- hemispheric information

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16
Q

Callosal Dysgenesis: EF

A

In fMRI
- Easy problem-solving tasks: Normal
- Complex tasks: Abnormal

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17
Q

Stroke

A
  • Interruption to blood flow long enough
  • To cause tissue damage
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18
Q

2 Types of Stroke

A
  • Hemorrhagic
  • Ischemic
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19
Q

Hemorrhagic Stroke

A

Blood vessel bleeds into the brain

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20
Q

Ischemic Stroke

A

A vessel becomes blocked and tissue is starved of blood

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21
Q

3 Main Arteries to the Brain

A
  1. Anterior cerebral artery
  2. Middle cerebral artery
  3. Posterior cerebral artery
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22
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Medial Fronto-Parietal

23
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery

A
  • Lateral Fronto-Parietal
  • Dorsal Temporal
24
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A
  • Lateral Parietal
  • Ventral Temporal
  • Occipital
25
Q

Optic Ataxia

A

‘How’ processing
- The inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance

26
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause optic ataxia?

A

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

27
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

‘What’ processing
- A difficulty in recognizing objects

28
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause visual agnosia?

A

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

29
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

The inability to recognize faces

30
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause prosopagnosia?

A

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

31
Q

Alexia

A

The inability to comprehend written or printed words
- Can’t read

32
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause alexia?

A

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

33
Q

Broca’s area & Wernicke’s areas

A

Language processing
- Left hemisphere

34
Q

Aphasia

A

Broca’s area & Wernicke’s areas at the left hemisphere
- Sara Scott

35
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause aphasia?

A

Left middle cerebral artery stroke

36
Q

Hemispatial Neglect

A

Ignore one side of the object

37
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause Hemispatial Neglect?

A

Right middle cerebral artery stroke

38
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery would cause dysexecutive syndrome?

A

Anterior cerebral artery stroke

39
Q

Patient K.C., H.M., & E.P.

A

Hippocampal damage
- Amnesia
- Declarative memory impaired
- Non-declarative memory intact: emotion or feeling of trust

40
Q

Stroke in which cerebral artery could damage the hippocampus?

A

Posterior cerebral artery stroke

41
Q

Bilateral Damage

A

Usually more severe than unilateral damage

42
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Memory loss
- Loss of brain tissue
- The sulci and ventricles are substantially enlarged
- Hippocampus is much affected
- Loss of acetylcholine -> hippocampus

43
Q

Mini-Mental State Examination
(MMSE)

A

Test of dementia
- No EF, visuospatial

44
Q

MoCA: Montreal Cognitive Assessment

A

Test of dementia
- EF, visuospatial

45
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A
  • An idiopathic disorder: Occurs without an obvious cause
  • Substantia nigra loss
    1. Impaired motor loops
  • Akinesia: Slower and smaller movements
  • Rigidity
  • Tremor and gait freezing
    2. Impaired executive loops
    3. Impaired motivational loops
  • Clinical apathy
46
Q

Substantia Nigra

A
  • A part of the midbrain
  • It is black because it contains cells that produce dopamine
  • To basal ganglia and striatum
47
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Corticostriatal loops between striatum and the cortex.
- Several interconnected areas of grey matter
- Without the dopamine input, the basal ganglia cannot function well

48
Q

Treatment of Parkinson’s

A

Aims to restore the normal activity of the corticostriatal circuits.
1. Dopamine medication
- Effective
- But causes disabling side effects with long-term use
2. Deep-brain stimulators
- Basal ganglia.
- Improves motor function
- A mixed effect on cognition, some
abilities become worse

49
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • Negative symptoms: Avolition and lack of motivation
  • Positive symptoms: Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorder
  • Onset between ages 20 and 40
  • Lifelong disability
  • Ventricles are bigger than healthy population
50
Q

Cognitive Neuropsychology

A

Disease that causes specific impairments is useful in cognitive psychology

51
Q

Dissociation

A

Cognitive process is impaired caused by a disease
- Or the study of brain parts that responsible for cognitive abilities from diseases

52
Q

Problem with Dissociation Method

A

If a patient fails Task A after brain damage, there could be lots of explanations for it

53
Q

Double Dissociation Method

A

Compare 2 patients with 2 different diseases
- Who has the exact opposite pattern of task performance
- The cognitive performance appear to be separate processes
- Provides strong evidence for the modularity of cognitive functions

54
Q

Modularity of Cognitive Functions

A

A common way to view the mind in cognitive psychology
- In fact, that the mind is modular is a basic assumption of cognitive neuropsychology

Foundation of Cognition (15 decks)

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