Lecture 05 Learning Flashcards
Forgetting
Reflects the capacity to retrieve what
we have learned
Herman Ebbinghaus
- Experimental study of memory
- Nonsense syllables
- vowel consonant sequences, such as wux, caz, bij, and zol
- able to pronounce, but no meaning
Total time hypothesis
The amount learned depends on
the time spent learning
Habituation
A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior
1. Stimulus specific
2. Stimulus generalization
- Acoustic startle reflex
- Orienting response
Acoustic Startle Reflex
Defensive response to a loud, unexpected noise
Orienting response
Reaction to sensing a novel stimulus or an important event
Stimulus Specific
Habituation to one event doesn’t cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality
Stimulus Generalization
The transfer of the
knowledge about the
learned stimulus to novel
stimulus
Dishabituation
A renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs with a novel stimulus
- An arousing stimulus is introduced into a sequence of otherwise monotonous repetitions
- The absence of responding to a repeated stimulus is indeed the result of habituation and not some other factor like fatigue
Sensitization
Salient stimulus (such as an electric shock) temporally increases the strength of responses to other stimuli
- Fewer exposures are typically necessary to produce sensitization (< habituation)
- Sensitization: generalization (Habituation: stimulus specific)
Exposure-Based Learning
- Novel Object Recognition
- Perceptual Learning
- Spatial Learning
Novel Object Recognition
Detection of and response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behavior
- Determine what kinds of information individuals remember about objects and places they have inspected in the past
Familiarity
Perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeated (sense of sameness)
Perceptual Learning
Repeated experiences with a set of stimuli -> Easier to distinguish
Mere Exposure
- Latent learning
- Learning without explicitly training
Spatial Learning
Acquisition of information about one’s surroundings
- Tolman & holzik
- Tinbergen and William Kruyt
Tolman & holzik (1930)
T Maze learning
Tinbergen & William Kruyt
Bees: Remember spatial to find object
Classical Conditioning
US -> UR
CS + US -> UR
CS -> CR
Extinction
Reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment
Extinction = Unlearning + Learning a new response to CS
Priming
Priming stimulus changes person’s response to a test stimulus
- Word-stem completion task: to fill in mot__, sup__
- Repetition priming
Repetition Priming
Test stimulus the same or similar to priming stimulus
- Implicit memory
Implicit memory
Person may or may not remember original presentation of priming stimuli
Korsakoff’s Syndrome
Can’t recall
Can implicit memory (Prime)
Procedural Learning
Skill memory
- No space or time involved
- Unaware while performing
Distributed Practice
Multiple small sessions > Single big session
Expanding Retrieval
Being tested after a short delay, with pretest delay gradually increasing across subsequent trials.
- Distributed practice effect + generation effect
The Importance of Testing
Feedback > Extra Learning
+ Generation effect
The Importance of Feedback
To correct errors
Motivation to Learn
Rewarding or Punishing
Indirect: Time or Attention
Repetition and Learning
Organization > Repetition
