Lecture 05 Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Forgetting

A

Reflects the capacity to retrieve what
we have learned

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2
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus

A
  • Experimental study of memory
  • Nonsense syllables
  • vowel consonant sequences, such as wux, caz, bij, and zol
  • able to pronounce, but no meaning
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3
Q

Total time hypothesis

A

The amount learned depends on
the time spent learning

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4
Q

Habituation

A

A decrease in the strength or occurrence of a behavior after repeated exposure to the stimulus that produces the behavior
1. Stimulus specific
2. Stimulus generalization
- Acoustic startle reflex
- Orienting response

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5
Q

Acoustic Startle Reflex

A

Defensive response to a loud, unexpected noise

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6
Q

Orienting response

A

Reaction to sensing a novel stimulus or an important event

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7
Q

Stimulus Specific

A

Habituation to one event doesn’t cause habituation to every other stimulus in the same sensory modality

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8
Q

Stimulus Generalization

A

The transfer of the
knowledge about the
learned stimulus to novel
stimulus

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9
Q

Dishabituation

A

A renewal of a response, previously habituated, that occurs with a novel stimulus
- An arousing stimulus is introduced into a sequence of otherwise monotonous repetitions
- The absence of responding to a repeated stimulus is indeed the result of habituation and not some other factor like fatigue

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10
Q

Sensitization

A

Salient stimulus (such as an electric shock) temporally increases the strength of responses to other stimuli
- Fewer exposures are typically necessary to produce sensitization (< habituation)
- Sensitization: generalization (Habituation: stimulus specific)

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11
Q

Exposure-Based Learning

A
  1. Novel Object Recognition
  2. Perceptual Learning
  3. Spatial Learning
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12
Q

Novel Object Recognition

A

Detection of and response to unfamiliar objects during exploratory behavior
- Determine what kinds of information individuals remember about objects and places they have inspected in the past

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13
Q

Familiarity

A

Perception of similarity that occurs when an event is repeated (sense of sameness)

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14
Q

Perceptual Learning

A

Repeated experiences with a set of stimuli -> Easier to distinguish

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15
Q

Mere Exposure

A
  • Latent learning
  • Learning without explicitly training
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16
Q

Spatial Learning

A

Acquisition of information about one’s surroundings
- Tolman & holzik
- Tinbergen and William Kruyt

17
Q

Tolman & holzik (1930)

A

T Maze learning

18
Q

Tinbergen & William Kruyt

A

Bees: Remember spatial to find object

19
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

US -> UR
CS + US -> UR
CS -> CR

20
Q

Extinction

A

Reducing a learned response to a stimulus by ceasing to pair that stimulus with a reward or punishment
Extinction = Unlearning + Learning a new response to CS

21
Q

Priming

A

Priming stimulus changes person’s response to a test stimulus
- Word-stem completion task: to fill in mot__, sup__
- Repetition priming

22
Q

Repetition Priming

A

Test stimulus the same or similar to priming stimulus
- Implicit memory

23
Q

Implicit memory

A

Person may or may not remember original presentation of priming stimuli

24
Q

Korsakoff’s Syndrome

A

Can’t recall
Can implicit memory (Prime)

25
Procedural Learning
Skill memory - No space or time involved - Unaware while performing
26
Distributed Practice
Multiple small sessions > Single big session
27
Expanding Retrieval
Being tested after a short delay, with pretest delay gradually increasing across subsequent trials. - Distributed practice effect + generation effect
28
The Importance of Testing
Feedback > Extra Learning + Generation effect
29
The Importance of Feedback
To correct errors
30
Motivation to Learn
Rewarding or Punishing Indirect: Time or Attention
31
Repetition and Learning
Organization > Repetition