Lecture 07 Long-term Memory Flashcards
Serial Position Curve
Distinction between short-term and long-term memories
Primacy Effect
Rehearse -> long-term memory
Recency Effect
30 secs delayed eliminated recency effect
Coding
Form in which stimuli are represented
- Visual and auditory
- Semantic
Semantic Coding in Short-Term Memory
Proactive interference doesn’t affect when semantic changes
Semantic coding in long-term memory
Recognition memory
LTM in the Brain
- H.M.: Hippocampus
- Clive Wearing: Medial temporal lobe
- Retains STM
- Can’t form LTM
STM in the Brain
- K.F.: Parietal lobe
- impaired STM
- form LTM
Types of Long-Term Memory
- Explicit
- Episodic
- Semantic - Implicit
- Procedural
- Priming
- Conditioning
Episodic Memory
Events that happened in the past
Semantic memory
General knowledge
K.C.: Damaged Hippocampus
- No episodic memory
- Semantic memory intact
Italian Woman
- Episodic memory intact
- Impaired semantic memory
Episodic and Semantic Memory Interaction
- Episodic can be lost
- Leaving only semantic
Semantic can be enhanced by…
Associated with episodic
- Autobiographical memory
- Personal semantic memory
Time Affects Memories
Forgetting increases with longer intervals after encoding
Familiarity
Semantic memory by recognition
Recollection
Episodic memory by recall
Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis
- Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events
- Anticipate future needs and guide
future behaviors - Mind wandering
- K.C.: loss episodic memory + can’t imagine future event
Implicit Memory
Learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering
Procedural Memory
Skill memory: memory for actions
- No space-time need
- H.M.: cannot form new LTMs, can still learn new skills
Priming
Priming stimulus changes person’s response to a test stimulus
- Propaganda effect
- Unaware of previously seeing or hearing statement
- Advertisements
Propaganda effect
More likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true
Classical Conditioning
The person has forgotten about original pairing of the stimulus and the response
LTM Structure
- Encoding
- Retrieval
- Maintenance rehearsal
- Elaborative rehearsal
Levels of Processing Theory
Types of encoding to retrieval
- Shallow: Physical
- Deep: Meaning
Factors That Aid Encoding
- Visual imagery
- Self-reference effect
- Generation effect
- Organizing information
- Survival value
- Retrieval practice effect
Visual imagery
Paired-associate learning
- Pairing words with visual imagery
Self-reference Effect
Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself
Generation Effect
Generating material yourself enhances learning and retention
Organizing information
- Accessed more efficiently
- Retrieval cue
Survival Value
Memory achieved by the “elaborative” tasks
Retrieval Practice Effect
Increase elaboration
- Testing effect
Information Retrieval
LTM back into working memory (consciousness)
Measures of Memory
- Free recall: Whatever
- Cued recall: Prompt or Cue
- Recognition: Stimuli
Retrieval Cues Effectiveness
Own-generated cue > Other-given cue
Encoding Specificity
Context -> Encoding
- Location
- Ambient
- State-dependent learning: Mood
Transfer-appropriate processing
Type of task (Modes) -> Encoding
- Meaning
- Sound
Effective Studying Method
- Elaborate: Meaning
- Generate and Test
- Organize: Framework, Chunking
- Spacing effect: shorter study sessions
- Avoid Illusion of Learning: Reread -> more easier but not learned
- Taking note
