Lecture 07 Long-term Memory

Question 1

Serial Position Curve

Answer 1

Distinction between short-term and long-term memories

Question 2

Primacy Effect

Answer 2

Rehearse -> long-term memory

Question 3

Recency Effect

Answer 3

30 secs delayed eliminated recency effect

Question 4

Coding

Answer 4

Form in which stimuli are represented
- Visual and auditory
- Semantic

Question 5

Semantic Coding in Short-Term Memory

Answer 5

Proactive interference doesn’t affect when semantic changes

Question 6

Semantic coding in long-term memory

Answer 6

Recognition memory

Question 7

LTM in the Brain

Answer 7

• H.M.: Hippocampus
• Clive Wearing: Medial temporal lobe
• Retains STM
• Can’t form LTM

Question 8

STM in the Brain

Answer 8

• K.F.: Parietal lobe
• impaired STM
• form LTM

Question 9

Types of Long-Term Memory

Answer 9

1. Explicit
   - Episodic
   - Semantic
2. Implicit
   - Procedural
   - Priming
   - Conditioning

Question 10

Episodic Memory

Answer 10

Events that happened in the past

Question 11

Semantic memory

Answer 11

General knowledge

Question 12

K.C.: Damaged Hippocampus

Answer 12

• No episodic memory
• Semantic memory intact

Question 13

Italian Woman

Answer 13

• Episodic memory intact
• Impaired semantic memory

Question 14

Episodic and Semantic Memory Interaction

Answer 14

• Episodic can be lost
• Leaving only semantic

Question 15

Semantic can be enhanced by…

Answer 15

Associated with episodic
- Autobiographical memory
- Personal semantic memory

Question 16

Time Affects Memories

Answer 16

Forgetting increases with longer intervals after encoding

Question 17

Familiarity

Answer 17

Semantic memory by recognition

Question 18

Recollection

Answer 18

Episodic memory by recall

Question 19

Constructive Episodic Simulation Hypothesis

Answer 19

• Episodic memories are extracted and recombined to create simulations of future events
• Anticipate future needs and guide
  future behaviors
• Mind wandering
• K.C.: loss episodic memory + can’t imagine future event

Question 20

Implicit Memory

Answer 20

Learning from experience is not accompanied by conscious remembering

Question 21

Procedural Memory

Answer 21

Skill memory: memory for actions
- No space-time need
- H.M.: cannot form new LTMs, can still learn new skills

Question 22

Priming

Answer 22

Priming stimulus changes person’s response to a test stimulus
- Propaganda effect
- Unaware of previously seeing or hearing statement
- Advertisements

Question 23

Propaganda effect

Answer 23

More likely to rate statements read or heard before as being true

Question 24

Classical Conditioning

Answer 24

The person has forgotten about original pairing of the stimulus and the response

Question 25

LTM Structure

Answer 25

1. Encoding
2. Retrieval
3. Maintenance rehearsal
4. Elaborative rehearsal

Question 26

Levels of Processing Theory

Answer 26

Types of encoding to retrieval
- Shallow: Physical
- Deep: Meaning

Question 27

Factors That Aid Encoding

Answer 27

• Visual imagery
• Self-reference effect
• Generation effect
• Organizing information
• Survival value
• Retrieval practice effect

Question 28

Visual imagery

Answer 28

Paired-associate learning
- Pairing words with visual imagery

Question 29

Self-reference Effect

Answer 29

Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself

Question 30

Generation Effect

Answer 30

Generating material yourself enhances learning and retention

Question 31

Organizing information

Answer 31

• Accessed more efficiently
• Retrieval cue

Question 32

Survival Value

Answer 32

Memory achieved by the “elaborative” tasks

Question 33

Retrieval Practice Effect

Answer 33

Increase elaboration
- Testing effect

Question 34

Information Retrieval

Answer 34

LTM back into working memory (consciousness)

Question 35

Measures of Memory

Answer 35

• Free recall: Whatever
• Cued recall: Prompt or Cue
• Recognition: Stimuli

Question 36

Retrieval Cues Effectiveness

Answer 36

Own-generated cue > Other-given cue

Question 37

Encoding Specificity

Answer 37

Context -> Encoding
- Location
- Ambient
- State-dependent learning: Mood

Question 38

Transfer-appropriate processing

Answer 38

Type of task (Modes) -> Encoding
- Meaning
- Sound

Question 39

Effective Studying Method

Answer 39

• Elaborate: Meaning
• Generate and Test
• Organize: Framework, Chunking
• Spacing effect: shorter study sessions
• Avoid Illusion of Learning: Reread -> more easier but not learned
• Taking note