Lecture_13_Intelligence

Question 1

Comparative Study: Signs of Higher Intelligence

Answer 1

Tool use
- In predecessors of human 3.4 million ago: stripping meat
- Monkey: using twigs, allo-medication

Question 2

Crows and monkeys’ Intelligence

Answer 2

Similarity in
- Working memory
- Intelligent reasoning

Question 3

Octopuses’ Intelligence

Answer 3

• Common ancestors is worm-like creature
• Nervous system of octopuses is mainly distributed around their body, such that their tentacles can act independently of their brain

Question 4

What is Intelligence?

Answer 4

The ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience
- Domain general

Question 5

The First Formal Intelligence Test

Answer 5

Alfred Binet
- To identify children who would have difficulty in standard education
-

Question 6

Positive Manifold

Answer 6

All the tests positively correlate with each other

Question 7

Why is the multiple intelligences concept a neuro-myth?

Answer 7

If neurocognitive processes are independent, there would be no positive manifold

Question 8

Factor Analysis & Intelligence

Answer 8

Assumption that variation in a set of variables is caused by specific latent factors
- Discover g factor

Question 9

General Intelligence or Spearman’s g

Answer 9

Is involved in all test performance
- Causes the positive manifold
- Two components.
1) A general intelligence part
2) A specific part

Question 10

Criticism of g

Answer 10

Statistical artifact
- Something of no real importance
- Caused by over-analyzing data
- Factor analyses of g are very complex and difficult to comprehend - Hence, controversial

Question 11

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

Answer 11

Two basic types of intelligence.
1. Fluid intelligence
2. Crystalized intelligence

Question 12

Fluid Intelligence

Answer 12

Active cognitive processing
- Such as reasoning and visuospatial processing
- Normally refers to intelligence
- Interact with working memory for processing information in real time

Question 13

Crystalized Intelligence

Answer 13

Acquired ability, mainly shown in knowledge
- Is dependent on learning, particularly in formal education
- Culture and language specific
- Interacts with long-term memory

Question 14

Investment Theory

Answer 14

Fluid intelligence is used to learn things -> Boosting crystalized intelligence
- Better fluid ability causes better crystalized ability
- But not vice versa
- Explain why fluid and crystalized intelligence are so highly correlated

Question 15

Intelligence & EF: Evidences

Answer 15

1. Frontal lobes
2. Control functions
3. Goal neglect

Question 16

Intelligence in Frontal Lesioned Patients

Answer 16

• Fluid intelligence is impaired
• No impairment to crystalized intelligence

Question 17

Fluid Intelligence & EF

Answer 17

• g is caused by the control functions of the frontal lobe, i.e., EF
• Fluid intelligence and executive functions are both dependent on the same cognitive processes,
• Top-down processes
• There are some specific tests that separate them

Question 18

Goal neglect

Answer 18

Missing out parts of a plan
- Due to failure to form a plan that includes all subgoals
- Highly correlated with g

Question 19

Executive Impairments

Answer 19

• Low EF
• Low g

Question 20

Intelligence Quotient; IQ

Answer 20

Calculation of scores many intelligence tests
- Average IQ = 100
- SD = 15

Question 21

Does Intelligence Require Large Complex Systems?

Answer 21

1. Hydrocephalus case
2. LaMa ML
3. Single cell organisms: Amoeba

Question 22

Hydrocephalus Case

Answer 22

• IQ = 75
• Living a normal life

Question 23

LaMa ML

Answer 23

• Equivalent to a fruit fly brain
• Is used for photo editing
• Guess the missing part of
  photos, including in Raven’s Progressive Matrices

Question 24

Single Cell Organisms: Amoeba

Answer 24

• No nervous system
• Navigate their way through mazes, finding the best route on their first attempt