Lecture_13_Intelligence Flashcards
Comparative Study: Signs of Higher Intelligence
Tool use
- In predecessors of human 3.4 million ago: stripping meat
- Monkey: using twigs, allo-medication
Crows and monkeys’ Intelligence
Similarity in
- Working memory
- Intelligent reasoning
Octopuses’ Intelligence
- Common ancestors is worm-like creature
- Nervous system of octopuses is mainly distributed around their body, such that their tentacles can act independently of their brain
What is Intelligence?
The ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly and learn from experience
- Domain general
The First Formal Intelligence Test
Alfred Binet
- To identify children who would have difficulty in standard education
-
Positive Manifold
All the tests positively correlate with each other
Why is the multiple intelligences concept a neuro-myth?
If neurocognitive processes are independent, there would be no positive manifold
Factor Analysis & Intelligence
Assumption that variation in a set of variables is caused by specific latent factors
- Discover g factor
General Intelligence or Spearman’s g
Is involved in all test performance
- Causes the positive manifold
- Two components.
1) A general intelligence part
2) A specific part
Criticism of g
Statistical artifact
- Something of no real importance
- Caused by over-analyzing data
- Factor analyses of g are very complex and difficult to comprehend - Hence, controversial
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory
Two basic types of intelligence.
1. Fluid intelligence
2. Crystalized intelligence
Fluid Intelligence
Active cognitive processing
- Such as reasoning and visuospatial processing
- Normally refers to intelligence
- Interact with working memory for processing information in real time
Crystalized Intelligence
Acquired ability, mainly shown in knowledge
- Is dependent on learning, particularly in formal education
- Culture and language specific
- Interacts with long-term memory
Investment Theory
Fluid intelligence is used to learn things -> Boosting crystalized intelligence
- Better fluid ability causes better crystalized ability
- But not vice versa
- Explain why fluid and crystalized intelligence are so highly correlated
Intelligence & EF: Evidences
- Frontal lobes
- Control functions
- Goal neglect
Intelligence in Frontal Lesioned Patients
- Fluid intelligence is impaired
- No impairment to crystalized intelligence
Fluid Intelligence & EF
- g is caused by the control functions of the frontal lobe, i.e., EF
- Fluid intelligence and executive functions are both dependent on the same cognitive processes,
- Top-down processes
- There are some specific tests that separate them
Goal neglect
Missing out parts of a plan
- Due to failure to form a plan that includes all subgoals
- Highly correlated with g
Executive Impairments
- Low EF
- Low g
Intelligence Quotient; IQ
Calculation of scores many intelligence tests
- Average IQ = 100
- SD = 15
Does Intelligence Require Large Complex Systems?
- Hydrocephalus case
- LaMa ML
- Single cell organisms: Amoeba
Hydrocephalus Case
- IQ = 75
- Living a normal life
LaMa ML
- Equivalent to a fruit fly brain
- Is used for photo editing
- Guess the missing part of
photos, including in Raven’s Progressive Matrices
Single Cell Organisms: Amoeba
- No nervous system
- Navigate their way through mazes, finding the best route on their first attempt
