Lecture_12_Executive Function Flashcards

1
Q

Executive Function

A
  • High-level cognitive processes
  • Often associated with the frontal
    lobes
  • Control lower-level processes in the service of goal-directed behavior
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2
Q

Frontal Lobes Functions

A
  1. Motor control
  2. Eye movements
  3. Emotional and reward processing
  4. Executive function
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3
Q

Which cortex is most closely linked to executive function?

A
  • Prefrontal lobes
  • Some parts of parietal lobes
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4
Q

Phineas Gage

A
  • Left prefrontal cortex damage
  • Dysexecutive syndrome
  • Difficulties in planning, decision making, and disinhibition
  • Personality change
  • Disorganized behavior
  • Impulsive, reckless, and vulgar
  • Impaired prospective memory
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5
Q

Operant Conditioning & Goal Directed Behavior

A
  1. Reinforcer or outcome devaluation: Rats were made to feel sick when eating the food that had been the reinforcer
  2. Rats no longer like the food
  3. Rats showed very rapid extinction
    - Conclusion: Pushing lever is a goal-directed behavior not just habit
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6
Q

EF is Intelligent Goal-Directed Behavior

A

Being able to alter actions in response to the circumstances
- Not all goal-directed behavior is intelligent: Magnet analogy

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7
Q

History of the Concept of EF

A
  1. Computer science
  2. Frontal lobes: Karl H. Pribram
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8
Q

Computer Science

A

Programs that control other programs
1) Automatic Supervisor
2) General Motors Executive System
- Used information processing as a model to understand the mind

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9
Q

Karl H. Pribram

A

proposed that the frontal lobes may function like the ‘executive controllers’ in computers

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10
Q

Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory

A
  1. Central executive’
  2. Visuospatial Sketchpad
  3. Phonological Loop
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11
Q

Shallice’s Supervisory Attentional System

A

The first formal model of EF
- Control of action
- Provide top-down influence on contention scheduling when the task is conflicted, novel, or complex

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12
Q

Contention scheduling

A
  • Links between perceptions and actions
  • Handle and balancing automatic behavior
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13
Q

Criticism of Baddeley’s Model and Shallice

A

EF most likely fractionates into different parts

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14
Q

Duncan’s Multiple Demand System

A

A common pattern of brain activations occur when ever people perform complex, attention demanding tasks
- Planning and executing actions to achieve sub-goals
- EF + fluid intelligence
- Frontal lobe + some parietal lobe

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15
Q

Artificial Intelligence’s Evidence of EF

A

Systems perform more efficiently when they identify sub-goals, rather trying from the start to achieve the end goal

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16
Q

Dysexecutive Syndrome

A
  • Disorganized behavior
  • Forgets to do things
  • Sexually inappropriate
  • Swearing
  • Insensitivity
17
Q

Executive Function Measurements

A
  • Phonemic Fluency Test
  • Wisconsin Card Sort Test
  • Cognitive Estimation Test
  • Trail Making Test
  • Hayling Test
  • Digit Span Test
  • Towers of Hanoi
  • Stroop Task
18
Q

Phonemic Fluency Test

A

Saying words that begin with a letter

19
Q

Wisconsin Card Sort Test

A

Sorting card cards into categories and adapting when the sort rule changes

20
Q

Cognitive Estimation Test

A

Estimating the number of camels in the Netherlands

21
Q

Trail Making
Test

A

Alternating between two task requirements

22
Q

Hayling Test

A

Completing sentences with a final word that makes no sense

23
Q

Digit Span Test

A

Repeating a string of numbers in reverse order

24
Q

Towers of Hanoi

A

Planning moves to achieve an end goal state

25
Q

Stroop Task

A

Naming the color of ink that color name words are written in, e.g., RED

26
Q

Diversity and Unity of EF

A
  1. Response inhibition
  2. Task switching
  3. Working memory
27
Q

Response Inhibition

A

Stopping yourself from doing something

28
Q

Task Switching

A

Being able to do one thing, and then easily change to another

29
Q

Working Memory

A

Holding information in your mind so that you can use it

30
Q

EF in Adolescent Behaviors

A

Frontal lobe white matter full maturity at perhaps aged 25
- Uncontrolled behaviour
- E.g. Anti-social behavior

31
Q

Problem with dysexecutive syndrome patients that have high IQ and EF

A
  • The cognitive tests are just not the right way to measure EF in real life
  • The tests are very short, and very constrained
  • EF are best measured over longer periods (when attentional problems would happen more) and in more natural, less constrained contexts
32
Q

Multiple Errands Test

A

Shopping with a list of tasks to perform
- Hospital, private homes, museums

33
Q

Jansari Assessments of Executive Functions (JEF)

A

A role-play scenario in an office or Computer-game format
- Planning (e.g., arrange furniture for a meeting)
- Prioritization (e.g., setting a meeting agenda)
- Creative thinking (e.g., solve unexpected problems)

34
Q

What Use is the Concept of Executive Function?

A
  1. A transdiagnostic marker of psychopathology
    - E.g. psychotic, bipolar and unipolar depression, anxiety, and substance use disorders
  2. Predict workplace performance better than intelligence, or personality
    - E.g. Hayling Test
  3. Complex working memory tasks predict real-life performance
    - E.g. Reading Span Test is highly correlated with reading comprehension ability
35
Q

Frontal Lobology

A

Misconception that frontal lobe function and executive function are the same thing
- It is too easy to blame every bit of abnormal behaviour on executive
function impairments or frontal lobe dysfunction