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Foundation of Cognition > Lecture 02 Methods in Cognitive Psychology > Flashcards

Lecture 02 Methods in Cognitive Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific Principles

A
  • Rationalism
  • Empiricism
  • Self-regulatory
  • Falsifiability
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2
Q

Rationalism

A

Logical and systematic theories

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3
Q

Empiricism

A

Predictions and hypotheses are tested against empirical observations

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4
Q

Self-regulatory

A
  • Theories and data are scrutinized by scientific communities
  • Peer-reviewed journal, open data, pre-registration.
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5
Q

Falsifiability

A

A theory is scientific only if it can be, in principle, proven false

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6
Q

Research Designs

A
  • Descriptive Research
  • Relational research
  • Experimental Research
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7
Q

Descriptive Research

A

To describe the phenomenon but not to explain the cause
- Observation
1) Controlled
2) Naturalistic
3) Participant
- Case study
1) Rare events
2) Few cases being studied in details

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8
Q

Strength and Weakness of Descriptive Research

A

Strength
- A starting point for later research
Weakness
- Can’t explain or imply causation

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9
Q

Relational Research

A

Association between two or more variables
- Linear relationship
- Nonlinear relationship

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10
Q

Limitation of Relational Research

A

Only explaining linear regression part of exponential
- Constraining or controlling for other variables

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11
Q

Criteria for Causal Inferences

A
  • Time precedence
  • Covariation
  • No alternative explanations
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12
Q

Covariation

A

The amount or the absence of the cause affect the amount or the absence of the outcome

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13
Q

Causal Modeling with SEM

A

Constraining or controlling for other variables

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14
Q

Experimental Research

A
  1. True Experiment
  2. Quasi-experiment
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15
Q

True Experiment

A
  • Manipulation of independent variable
  • Control/comparison groups
  • Random assignment
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16
Q

Purpose of Random Assignment

A

Equalizer
- Because some variables can’t be controlled, like pre-detemined characteristics.

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17
Q

Limitation of True Experiment

A

Unable to manipulate some variables, such as race
- It will be more of naturalistic experiment

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18
Q

Quasi-experiment

A
  • Experimental design without random assignment
  • Practical or ethical reasons
  • Usually in field research
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19
Q

Limitation of Quasi-experiment

A
  • Threats to internal validity
    1) Self-selection
    2) Pre-existing differences
  • It does provide strong claim as pure experimental research
  • In naturalistic setting, something can’t be manipulated due to ethics
20
Q

Between-subject Design

A
  • Prevent carry-over effect
  • “Blind” to conditions
  • More variation due to individual differences
21
Q

Within-subject Design

A
  • Subjects are their own control
  • Higher statistical power -> less N
  • Prone to carry-over effect
  • No confounding of individual difference
  • Preferred by cognitive experiments
22
Q

Validity

A
  • Internal validity
  • External validity
  • Construct validity
  • Statistical conclusion validity
23
Q

Internal Validity

A

Free of confounds
- Running multiple experiment to examine alternative explanation

24
Q

External Validity

A

Generalizability
- Concern in the field study or applied study
- Ecological validity: Applying knowledge or findings in real world
- Cross cultural research

25
Q

Construct Validity

A

Representability of Constructs
- e.g., Preventing rehearsal in working memory → Backward counting task

26
Q

Statistical Conclusion Validity

A
  • Appropriate statistical test for the data
  • Violation of statistical assumptions
  • Interpretation of the strength of relationship (i.e., effect size)
27
Q

Psychophysics

A
  • Method of limits
  • Method of constant stimuli
  • Method of adjustment
28
Q

Method of Limits

A

Human perception threshold: light, sound, taste

29
Q

Method of Constant Stimuli

A

Discriminating different types of stimuli
- Sound
- Perceptual illusion

30
Q

Method of Adjustment

A

Adjusting stimuli’s characteristic to the target stimuli: gray banana color

31
Q

Mental Chronometry

A
  • Helmholtz speed of nerve impulse
  • Reaction time
  • Donder’s subtraction method
32
Q

Object and Face Recognition Task

A

Up side down face: Face perception doesn’t associate general object recognition

33
Q

Visual Search Task

A

Visual

34
Q

Go/No-Go Task

A

Study response inhibition, attention

35
Q

Simon Task

A

Attention, conflict processing

36
Q

Posner Cuing Task

A

Attention allocation

37
Q

N-Back Task

A

Working memory

38
Q

Lexical Decision

A

Decide whether the presented is a word or non-word
- Language processing

39
Q

Memory Span

A
  • Memorize a list
  • Then recall in a correct order
40
Q

Decision Making

A
  • Economic games
  • Judge/estimate occurrence
  • Choice
41
Q

Animal Study

A
  • Maze
  • Puzzle box
  • Memory task
42
Q

Physiological

A
  • Electrocardiogram (ECG)
  • Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
43
Q

Brain Damage Case Studies

A
  • Phineas Gage: Frontal lobe lesion -> Cognitive control
  • H.M.: Hippocampus removal -> Long term memory
44
Q

Brain Activity

A
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG)
  • Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
45
Q

Brain Stimulation/Inhibition

A

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)

46
Q

Brain Imaging

A
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
  • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

Foundation of Cognition (15 decks)

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