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A+P 2 > Lecture: The Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lecture: The Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the job of the lymphoid system?

A

Protect against disease (produce maintain distribute lymphocytes)

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2
Q

What 3 things cause the lymphoid system to respond?

A

Environmental pathogens Toxins Abnormal body cells, such as cancers

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3
Q

What role do lymphocytes play?

A

Identify, attack, and develop immunity as part of the immune response

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4
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability to resist infection and disease

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5
Q

What makes a defense ‘nonspecific’

A

Blocks or attacks potential infectious organism but they cannot distinguish one attack from another.

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6
Q

What is lymph?

A

Interstitial fluid similar to plasma but does not have plasma proteins

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7
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do?

A

Carries lymph from peripheral tissues to the venous system

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8
Q

What 4 parts make up the lymphoid system?

A

Lymph, Lymphatic Vessels, Lymphoid tissues + organs, Lymphocytes and other cells

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9
Q

What 3 places are lymphocytes produces in?

A

Lymphoid tissues, Lymphoid organs, Red bone marrow

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10
Q

What 2 things do lymphocytes do?

A

Detects problems + travel to site of injury or infection

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11
Q

How do lymphocytes circulate?

A

From blood > Interstitial Fluid via capillaries > to venous blood via lymphatic vessels

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12
Q

How do fluids circulate?

A

Blood > Lymph > Venous system

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13
Q

What carries lymph?

A

Lymphatic Vessels

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14
Q

The lymphoid system begins with…?

A

Lymphatic Capillaries (the smallest vessels)

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15
Q

4 anatomical ways that lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A
  1. Start as pockets rather than tubes
  2. larger diameter
  3. thinner walls
  4. parts are flat or irregular
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16
Q

What is the structure of a lymphatic capillary?

A

Loosely bound, overlapping endothelial cells

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17
Q

How do the valves in lymphatic capillaries “work”

A

Overlap in endothelial cells act as 1 way valve, letting fluids, solutes, viruses and bacteria in, prevents return to intercellular space.

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18
Q

What is a lacteal?

A

Are special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine

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19
Q

What do lacteals do?

A

Transport lipids from digestive tract

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20
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow + thymus

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21
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph node, spleen, tonsils, peyers patches in intensive and appendix.

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22
Q

Lympathic vessels travel with _____?

A

Veins

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23
Q

Where is the vermiform appendix?

A

Right iliac or inguinal region.

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24
Q

What are deep lymphatics?

A

larger vessels that accompany deep arteries and veins

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25
Q

Superficial and deep lymphatics join to form what?

A

Lymphatic Trunks

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26
Q

Trunks empty into what two major collecting vessels?

A

thoracic duct right lymphatic duct

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27
Q

What is the Cisterna chyli?

A

a sac at the end of the thoracic duct

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28
Q

Where does the Cisterna chyli receive lymph from?

A

Right and left lumbar trunks + Intestinal trunk

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29
Q

Where does the inferior segment of thoracic duct collect lymph from?

A

The Left bronchio-mediastinal trunk, the Left subclavian trunk, the Left jugular trunk

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30
Q

Where is the thymus located?

A

In the mediastinum in front of the trachea

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31
Q

Where does the inferior segment of thoracic duct empty its contents?

A

The left subclavian vein

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32
Q

Where does the Right lymphatic duct college lymph from?

A

Right jugular trunk, Right subclavian trunk, and the Right bronchiomediastinal trunk

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33
Q

Where does right lymphatic duct empty its contents?

A

The right subclavian vein

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34
Q

What is Lymphedema?

A

Blockage of lymph drainage from a limb that causes severe swelling and Interferes with immune system function

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35
Q

Lymphocytes make up what percentage of circulating WBCs?

A

20-30%

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36
Q

Are most lymphocytes stored or circulating?

A

Stored.

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37
Q

What are the 3 classes of circulating lymphocytes?

A

T Cells, B cells, and NK cells.

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38
Q

Which type of lymphocyte is 80% of circulating lymphocytes?

A

T cells

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39
Q

What are the 3 types of T cells?

A

Cytotoxic, Helper + Suppressor

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40
Q

What do Cytotoxic T Cells do?

A

Attack cells infected by viruses and produce immunity

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41
Q

What do Helper T cells do?

A

Stimulate function of T cells and B cells

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42
Q

What do Suppressor T Cells do?

A

Inhibit function of T cells and B cells

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43
Q

What do Regulatory T Cells do?

A

Control sensitivity of immune response

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44
Q

What 2 types of cells make up Regulatory T cells?

A

Helper and suppressor T cells

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45
Q

What are some lesser known T cells?

A

Inflammatory T cells + Suppressor/inducer T cells

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46
Q

What cell type makes up 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes?

A

B cells

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47
Q

Where do T cells originate?

A

Via lymphoid stem cells that migrate to the thymus and diffrienciate after either thyme or thymopoeitin hormone are added.

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48
Q

After precursors of T cells are formed, where do they mature?

A

The thymus

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49
Q

Precursers of T cells are formed where?

A

Red bone marrow

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50
Q

What is the thymus?

A

A soft, triangular organ

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51
Q

What is the primary role of the thymus?

A

Receive immature T cells and train them into function mature T cells that attack only foreign cells.

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52
Q

What is a lymph node?

A

Tiny bean shaped mass of lymphoid tissue.

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53
Q

What is the job of the lymph node?

A

Filters the blood, uses specialized tissues to trap foreign antigens and destroy them.

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54
Q

Where are lymph nodes typically concentrated?

A

Near junctions of the major lymphatic vessels, in the neck groin and armpits.

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55
Q

What are plasma cells made from?

A

B cells

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56
Q

What do plasma cells do?

A

Produce antibodies (immunoglobulin proteins)

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57
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Targets that identify a pathogen or foreign compound

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58
Q

What are Immunoglobulin Proteins (Antibodies)?

A

The binding of a specific antibody to a specific antigen that initiates antibody-mediated immunity

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59
Q

Define “Antibody-Mediated Immunity”

A

A chain of events that destroys the target compound or organism

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60
Q

What is another name for Natural Killer (NK) Cells?

A

Granular lymphocytes

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61
Q

What cells make up 5-10% of circulating lymphocytes?

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells.

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62
Q

Which cells are responsible for immunological surveillance?

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells.

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63
Q

What do NK cells do?

A

Attack foreign cells, virus-infected cells, and cancer cells

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64
Q

How long can lymphocytes survive?

A

Many years

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65
Q

How do lymphocytes travel through tissues?

A

via blood vessels or lymphatics for transport

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66
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A

Lymphocyte production

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67
Q

What 3 things does lymphopoiesis involve?

A

Bone marrow, Thymus, Peripheral lymphoid tissues

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68
Q

Where are Hemocytoblasts?

A

Bone Marrow

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69
Q

What do Hemocytoblasts do?

A

divide into two types of lymphoid stem cells

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70
Q

What do Lymphoid Stem Cells that remain in the bone marrow produce?

A

B cells and natural killer cells

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71
Q

What do Lymphoid Stem Cells that migrate to the thymus produce?

A

T cells in environment isolated by blood-thymus barrier

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72
Q

Which cells migrate throughout the body to defend peripheral tissues?

A

T cells and B cells

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73
Q

What lymphocytes maintain their ability to divide?

A

T cells and B cells

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74
Q

What causes a lymphocyte to diffrenciate as a B cell?

A

exposure to hormone called cytokine (interleukin-7)

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75
Q

What causes a lymphocyte to diffrenciate as a T cell?

A

exposure to several thymic hormones

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76
Q

Which cells does the HIV virus kill?

A

Helper T cells

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77
Q

What are lymphoid tissues?

A

Connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes

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78
Q

What is a lymphoid nodule?

A

Areolar tissue densely packed with lymphocytes and germinal center containing dividing lymphocytes

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79
Q

What is the shape of an antibody?

A

Capital Y

80
Q

What parts of the antibody bind to antigen?

A

The light + heavy chain or the “V” or of capital Y.

81
Q

What is the region at the bottom of the “Y” shape of an antigen, below the “V”

A

Constant region

82
Q

What are the 5 specific lymph nodes of the head and face? (Tonsils)

A

Pharyngeal tonsil, Left and Right Palatine tonsil, and the 2 Lingual tonsils.

83
Q

Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) is associated with what system?

A

The digestive system

84
Q

What is Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT) located?

A

Aggregated lymph nodules deep to intestinal epithelial lining

85
Q

What is the appendix made of?

A

a mass of fused lymphoid nodules

86
Q

What separates the 5 tonsils / lymphoid organs from surrounding tissues?

A

a fibrous connective tissue capsule

87
Q

What is the Trabeculae?

A

A bundles of collagen fibers that extend from capsule > inside lymph node

88
Q

What is Hilum?

A

A shallow indent where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node

89
Q

What does an Afferant lymphatic vessel do?

A

Carries lymph from peripheral tissues to lymph node

90
Q

What does an Efferant lymphatic vessel do?

A

Carries lymph to venous circulation from lymph node at hilum.

91
Q

The lymph node is a filter that removes ______?

A

Debris, Pathogens + 99% of antigens

92
Q

What is the first step in immune response?

A

Antigens are extracted and ‘presented’ to lymphocytes, OR attached to dendritic cells to stimulate lymphocytes

93
Q

Why are Lymphoid tissues and lymph nodes distributed all around the body?

A

To monitor peripheral infections before they reach the vital organs of trunk

94
Q

Where are lymphatics located? (Dont say everywhere)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucous membranes
  3. Serous membranes lining cavities
95
Q

Stem cells that remain in Bone Marrow turn into what 2 types of cells?

A

B cells and NK cells

96
Q

How are lymphoid nodules distributed throughout the body?

A
  1. Lymph Nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Resp Tract (tonsils)
  4. Digestive Tract
  5. Urinary Tract
97
Q

Trace the flow of lymph through the node from afferent lymphatic to efferent

A

subscapular space > outer cortex > deep cortex > core/medulla > hilum

98
Q

What is inside the subscapular space of the lymph node?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

99
Q

What is inside the outer cortex of the lymph node?

A

B cells within germinal centers

100
Q

What is inside the deep cortex of the lymph node?

A

T cells

101
Q

What is inside the core (medulla) of the lymph node?

A

B cells and plasma cells, organized into medullary cords

102
Q

Which lymph nodes protect the digestive and respiratory systems?

A

Nodes of Gut, Trachea, Lungs, and Thoracic Duct

103
Q

What is Lymphadenopathy?

A

Chronic or excessive enlargement of lymph nodes. Indicate infections, endocrine disorders, or cancer

104
Q

When does the thymus atrophy?

A

After puberty

105
Q

What divides the two thymic lobes?

A

The septa

106
Q

Where do T cells go after diffrenciating in the Thymus?

A

Into medulla via medullary blood vessels

107
Q

What is a thymic lobule?

A

a subdivision of the thymic lobe. comprised of a dense outer cortex and a pale central medulla

108
Q

What surrounds lymphocytes in the cortex of the thymus?

A

Reticular epithelium

109
Q

What maintain blood–thymus barrier in the cortex of the thymus?

A

Reticular epithelium

110
Q

The reticular epithelium of the thymus secretes what and what does it do?

A

thymic hormones that stimulate stem cell divisions and T cell differentiation

111
Q

What are thymic (Hassall) corpuscles?

A

Concentric layers of reticular epithelium in the medulla

112
Q

What is Thymosin?

A

a thymic hormone that promotes development of lymphocytes

113
Q

What are 3 functions of the spleen?

A
  1. Phagoticises abnormal blood cells and other blood components
  2. Storage of iron recycled from RBC
  3. Initiation of immune responses by B cells and T cells in response to antigens
114
Q

What is the gastrosplenic ligament?

A

A ligament attaching the spleen to the stomach

115
Q

Where do splenic veins, arteries, and lymphatic vessels attach to the spleen?

A

At the hilum

116
Q

What organ has red and white pulp?

A

The spleen

117
Q

Why is red pulp red? Why is white pulp white?

A

Red: Due to RBC’s White: resembles lymphoid nodules

118
Q

White pulp surrounds fine branches of what?

A

Trabecular Arteries

119
Q

Describe the 3 steps of splenic circulation

A

Blood passes through

Network of reticular fibers> sinusoids lined w macrophages > empties into trabecular veins

120
Q

3 aspects of “Specific Defenses”

A
  1. Protect against specific pathogens
  2. Depend on activities of lymphocytes
  3. Specific resistance (immunity after exposure)
121
Q

7 categories of non-specific defenses (Please Pass It, I Can’t Idle Forever)

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Immunological surveillance
  4. Interferons
  5. Complement
  6. Inflammatory response
  7. Fever
122
Q

What are Interferons?

A

Chemical messengers that trigger production of antiviral proteins in normal cells

123
Q

What do antiviral proteins do?

A

Block replication.

124
Q

3 ways Fever helps the immune response?

A
  1. Increases body metabolism
  2. Accelerates defenses
  3. Inhibits some viruses and bacteria
125
Q

What is “Complement”

A
  1. breaks down cell walls
  2. attracts phagocytes
  3. stimulates inflammation
126
Q

Examples of Physical Barries?

A

Hair, Skin, Mucous that washes away or break down microorganisms via enzymes or stomach acid

127
Q

What are Microphages?

A

Neutrophls and eosinphils

128
Q

What do microphages do?

A

Leave the bloodstream and enter peripheral tissues to fight infections

129
Q

What system are macrophages a part of ?

A

The monocyte–macrophage system

130
Q

How to Activated Macrophages respond to pathogens?

A
  1. Engulf pathogen and destroy with lysosomal enzymes
  2. Bind to pathogen
  3. Destroy pathogen by releasing toxins into interstitial fluid
131
Q

What are histiocytes and where might you find them?

A

A fixed macrophage, stays in specific tissues or organs such as dermis and bone marrow

132
Q

What is another name for a fixed macrophage?

A

histiocytes

133
Q

A macrophage that travels throughout the body

A

Free macrophage

134
Q

2 examples of special histiocytes?

A

Microglia (CNS), Kupffer cells (Liver Sinusoids)

135
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

The attraction or repulsion of cells by chemicals in surrounding fluids

136
Q

Describe phagocytosis

A

A Phagocyte adheres to target, and surrounds it with a vesicle… gulp!

137
Q

What is perforins?

A

The chemical released by the vesicle in an NK cell when lysing an abnormal cell. (could be a cancer cell too)

138
Q

What is immunological escape?

A

When cells such as cancer cells avoid NK cells.

139
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Chemical messengers released by tissue cells

140
Q

What are 3 types of Interferons?

A

Alpha Beta and Gamma Interferons

141
Q

Alpha interferons, produced by what and do what?

A

Produced by Leukocytes, Stimulate NK cells

142
Q

Beta interferons, produced by what and do what?

A

Secreted by fibrocytes, Slow inflammation

143
Q

Gamma interferons, produced by what and do what?

A

Secreted by T cells and NK cells, Stimulate macrophage activity

144
Q

How many complement proteins are in plasma?

A

11

145
Q

What are the 2 pathways of the complement cascade?

A
  1. classical pathway (fast) 2. alternative pathway (slow)
146
Q

How do both pathways of complement end?

A

Conversion of inactive complement protein C3 into the active form, C3b

147
Q

What is opsonization

A

A process by which a foreign particle/antigen, is coated opsonins to facilitate phagotization.

148
Q

The membrane attack complex (MAC) is part of what process?

A

Complement

149
Q

What might be going on if you experience Swelling, Redness, Heat, and Pain?

A

Inflammation

150
Q

3 Products of Inflammation?

A

Necrosis, Pus, Abscess

151
Q

What temp constitutes a fever?

A

37°C (99°F) +

152
Q

What is a Pyrogens?

A

Any material that causes the hypothalamus to raise body temperature

153
Q

3 types of specific defenses?

A
  1. Specific resistence (Immunity) 2. T cell (cell mediated immunity) 3. B cell (humoral / antibody immunity)
154
Q

4 forms of Immunity

A
  1. Innate (Present at birth)
  2. Acquired (After birth)
  3. Active (Antibodies develop after exposure to antigen)
  4. Passive (Antibodies are transferred from another source)
155
Q

Vaccines are an example of

A

Induced Active Immunity

156
Q

Acquisiton of antibodies through breast milk is an example of?

A

Naturally acquired Passive Immunity

157
Q

4 properties of Immunity

A
  1. Specificity 2. Versatility 3. Memory 4. Tolerance
158
Q

T cells only recognize antigens that are …?

A

Nound to glycoproteins (MHC Proteins) in plasma membranes

159
Q

What is responsible for activating T cells against foreign cells and proteins?

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APCs)

160
Q

Free and fixed macrophages, Kupffer cells and Microglia are all examples of

A

Phagocytic Antigen Presenting Cells

161
Q

2 examples of Non-phagocytic (pinocytic) APCs ?

A

Langerhans cells (skin) + Dendritic cells (lymph nodes and spleen)

162
Q

What are the 3 actions of Cytotoxic T cells:?

A
  1. Release perforin: destroy antigenic plasma membrane
  2. Secrete poisonous lymphotoxin: destroy target cell
  3. Activate genes in target cell: That cause cell to die
163
Q

What is the roll of memory T cells?

A

“remembers” an antigen and stays in circulation, forms cytotoxic T cells if antigen is redetected

164
Q

When do suppressor T cells go to work?

A

AFTER the immediate immune response

165
Q

What happens during B Cell Sensitization?

A

antigens are taken into the B cell and processed. Then they reappear on surface, bound to Class II MHC protein

166
Q

What stimulates a sensitized B cell into an active B cell?

A

a helper T cell activated by same antigen

167
Q

What happens during B cell activation?

A

Help T binds to MHC complex a secretes cytokines that promote B cell division

168
Q

What is produced during B cells division?

A

Plasma cells + Memory B cells

169
Q

What does the constant vs variable segment on the antibody do?

A

Determine five types of antibodies vs SPECIFIC antibody molecule

170
Q

What does an antigen binding site of an antibody bind to?

A

antigenic determinant sites of antigen

171
Q

The free tips of two variable segments of an antibody serve as what?

A

an antigen binding site

172
Q

What is it called when an antibody is bound to an antigen?

A

Antigen-Antibody Complex

173
Q

Exposure to What leads to B cell sensitization and Immune response?

A

Exposure to a complete antigen

174
Q

What is Hapten and why is it dangerous?

A

A partial antigen, it attaches to a carrier molecule to form a compelete antigen. But if attacked, the carrier molecule will also be destroyed.

175
Q

7 Functions of Antigen-Antibody Complex

No person can attract optimal Ideal people (buttsvagina)

A
  1. Neutralize antigen-binding sites
  2. Precipitation and agglutination
  3. Complement
  4. Attracts phagocytes
  5. Opsonization
  6. Inflammation
  7. Prevents bacterial and viral adhesion
176
Q

What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Responses to Antigen Exposure?

A

Primary: Takes time to develop, Antigens activate B cells, Plasma cells differentiate
Antibody (level) slowly rises (Igm antibody, fast but less effective)

Secondary: Activates memory B cells at lower antigen concentrations, Immediately secretes antibodies in massive quantities (Igb antibody, slow and effective)

177
Q

1st step of a bacterial infection

A

NK’s and Neutrophils begin killing bacteria

178
Q

How is the immue systems response to a bacterial infection vs a viral infection different?

A

During a viral infection, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells are activated by contact with virus-infected cells

179
Q

At what pregnancy age does a fetus have an immune system?

A

3-4 months

180
Q

What antibodies will a 4 month old fetus produce?

A

IgM

181
Q

Where does a fetus produce B cells?

A

In the liver and bone marrow

182
Q

What antibodies does mothers milk produce?

A

IgA

183
Q

What provides passive immunity to a fetus?

A

Maternal IgG antibodies passing through placenta

184
Q

By what age do Antibody, B cell, and T cell levels rise to adult levels?

A

12

185
Q

What is an autoimmune disorder?

A

A malfunction of system that recognizes and ignores “normal” antigens.

186
Q

What are autoantibodies?

A

antibodies that work against body cells, made by activated b cells as part of an autoimmune disorder.

187
Q

3 examples of autoimmune disorders?

A
  1. Thyroiditis 2. Rheumatoid arthritis 3. Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
188
Q

What causes immunideficiency disorders?

A
  1. bad embryological development of lymphoid tissues
  2. viral infections (HIV)
  3. Immunosuppressant drugs
189
Q

What is an allergen / allergy?

A

Allergens trigger allergies, an excessive immune response to antigens.

190
Q

Type 1 allergy:

A

immediate hypersensitivity, the most common type of allergy. A rapid and severe response . (environmental allergies)

191
Q

What causes production of large quantities of IgE antibodies distributed throughout the body ?

A

Type I Allergy Sensitization

192
Q

What can cause may cause anaphylaxis?

A

a large quantity of allergens in the blood stream.

193
Q

What is anaphylactic shock?

A

Peripheral vasodilatation that can cause circulatory collapse

194
Q

Why is chronic stress bad for the immune system?

A

Causes a secretion of Glucocorticoids which inhibit the immune system. In the long term it lowers resistence.

195
Q

4 affects of aging on the immune response?

A
  1. low Thymic hormone production
  2. T cells become less responsive to antigens
  3. Fewer T cells = less responsive B cells
  4. Immune surveillance against tumor cells declines
196
Q

What 2 other systems adjust the sensitivity of immune response?

A

Nervous and Endocrine Systems

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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