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A+P 2 > Lab: The Digestive System Part 3 > Flashcards

Lab: The Digestive System Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

The organs of the digestive tract are lined with a serous membrane consisting of what 3 parts?

A
  1. Superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue
  2. Serosa (aka visceral peritoneum)
    covers organs within peritoneal cavity
  3. Parietal peritoneum: (lines inner surfaces of body wall)
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2
Q

What kind of tissue composes the mesentaries?

A

Areolar Tissue

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3
Q

During embryonic development, the digestive tract and accessory organs are suspended in peritoneal cavity by what 2 things?

A

Dorsal and Ventral Mesentary

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4
Q

What is the function of the lesser omentum?

A
  1. Stabilizes position of stomach

2. Provides route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving liver

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5
Q

The Dorsal Mesentery enlarges to form an enormous pouch known as what?

A

The greater omentum

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6
Q

What is the position of the greater omentum?

A

Extends inferiorly between:
the body wall and the anterior surface of small intestine

Hangs like an apron:
from lateral and inferior borders of stomach

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7
Q

What is the function of the greater omentum?

A
  1. conforms to shapes of surrounding organs
  2. pads surfaces of abdomen
  3. insulates
  4. stores lipid energy reserves
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8
Q

What is the mesocolon?

A

A mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine

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9
Q

What are Enteroendocrine cells?

A

Scattered amongst columnar cells. Secrete hormones coordinate activities of the digestive tract.

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10
Q

What are plicae circulares?

A

Permanent transverse folds in the digestive tract

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11
Q

What are the longitudinal folds in the digestive tract for, and what happens to them?

A
  1. Increase surface area for absorption

2. The folds disappear as digestive tract fills

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12
Q

What is the Muscularis mucosae?

A

Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria

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13
Q

How are the smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis mucosae arranged?

A
  1. inner concentric layer encircles lumen (circular muscle)

2. outer concentric layer contains longitudinal layer

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14
Q

Which layer of the digestive lining has large blood and lymphatic vessels and may contain exocrine glands?

A

The submucosa

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15
Q

Which layer of the digestive lining Is made of dense, irregular connective tissue?

A

The submucosa

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16
Q

What innervates the mucosa and submucosa?

A

The Submucosal Plexus

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17
Q

What is another name for the plexus of Meissner?

A

The submucosal plexus

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18
Q

Which layer of the digestive lining is Is dominated by smooth muscle cells arranged in and Inner circular layer and Outer longitudinal layer?

A

The Muscularis (Externa)

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19
Q

What coordinates the movements of the muscularis?

A

The enteric nervous system (ENS)

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20
Q

What does the Muscularis do?

A
  1. Churns food for mechanical prossessing

2. Moves materials along digestive tract

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21
Q

What regions lack Serosa and instead have adventitia?

A

Oral cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, and Rectum

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22
Q

What are pacesetter cells?

A

Cells in the muscularis that control rhythmic cycles of the digestive tract

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23
Q

What triggers a wave of contraction through the muscularis?

A

Spotaneous deploraization of the muscle cells

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24
Q

Where are pacesetter cells located?

A

In the muscularis mucosae and muscularis externa

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25
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

waves of muscular contractions that move a bolus along the length of the digestive tract

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26
Q

What are the 3 steps of Peristaltic Motion?

A
  1. Circular muscles contract behind bolus
  2. Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract:
    Shortening adjacent segments
  3. Wave of contraction in circular muscles pushes bolus forward
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27
Q

What is Segmentation?

A

Cycles of contraction that churn and fragment the bolus, mixing it with intestinal secretions.

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28
Q

How is segmentation different from peristalisis?

A

It does not push the bolus in any particular direction.

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29
Q

What 2 things do neural mechanisms control re: digestion?

A
  1. movement of materials along digestive tract

2. secretory functions

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30
Q

Where are motor neurons located and what do they do?

A
  1. myenteric plexus

2. control smooth muscle contraction and glandular secretion

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31
Q

How many hormones are involved in the digestive process?

A

At least 18

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32
Q

What produces hormones involved in digestion?

A

Enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract

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33
Q

What are the 4 functions of the Oral Cavity?

A
  1. Sensory analysis
  2. Mechanical processing
  3. Lubrication
  4. Limited digestion (carbs and lipids)
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34
Q

From where and can we rapidly absorb lipid-soluble drugs ?

A

Thin oral mucosae inferior to the tongue

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35
Q

Whats a fun word for lips?

A

Labia

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36
Q

Whats a fun word for gums?

A

Gingivae

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37
Q

What enzyme does the tongue secrete?

A

Lingual lipase

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38
Q

Which gland is drained by the parotid duct?

A

Parotid Salivary Glands

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39
Q

Where is the enzyme salivary amylase produced and what does it break down?

A

Parotid Salivary Glands, starch

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40
Q

What produces mucous secretion that acts as a buffer and lubricant?

A

Sublingual Salivary Glands

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41
Q

What are on either side of the lingual frenulum?

A

Sublingual (Rivinal) ducts

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42
Q

What secretes buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), and salivary amylase?

A

Submandibular Salivary Glands

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43
Q

Where are the submandibular ducts?

A

immediately posterior to teeth on either side of lingual frenulum

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44
Q

How much saliva is produced per day?

A

1.0–1.5 liters of saliva each day

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45
Q

What percentage of saliva is produced by each set of glands?

A

70% by submandibular glands
25% by parotids
5% by sublingual glands

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46
Q

How much of saliva is water?

A

99.4%

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47
Q

What is Dentin?

A

A mineralized matrix similar to that of bone

Does not contain cells (Teeth)

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48
Q

What is the Pulp cavity?

A

Portion of tooth that receives blood vessels and nerves through the root canal

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49
Q

What is the bony socket in which a tooth sits?

A

alveolus

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50
Q

What providing protection and anchors periodontal ligament?

A

cementum

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51
Q

What defines the crown of the tooth?

A

Exposed portion of tooth projecting beyond gingiva

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52
Q

What covers dentin?

A

Enamel

53
Q

What is the Alveolar Processes?

A

a thickened ridge of bone that contains the tooth sockets on the mandible and maxilla

54
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth?

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Cuspids (canines)
  3. Bicuspids (premolars)
  4. Molars
55
Q

Which teeth are blade shaped and are used for clipping or cutting?

A

Incisors

56
Q

Which teeth are conical with a pointed tip

Used for tearing or slashing?

A

Cupsids / Canines

57
Q

Which teeth types have 1 root?

A

Incisors, Canines, some bicupids

58
Q

Which teeth types have 2 roots?

A

some bicupids

59
Q

Which teeth have flattened crowns and are used to crush, mash, and grind?

A

Bicuspids (premolars)

60
Q

Which teeth have very large, flat crowns used for crushing and grinding?

A

Molars

61
Q

Which teeth have prominent ridges?

A

Molars, Bicuspids (premolars)

62
Q

Which teeth types have 3+ roots?

A

Molars

63
Q

What are the 2 sets of teeth that develop as embryos?

A
  1. deciduous teeth (primary dentition)

2. permanent dentition (secondary dentition)

64
Q

What are milk teeth, or baby teeth and how many are there?

A

there are 20 Deciduous Teeth, 5 in each quadrant

,

65
Q

When may you not have molars?

A

When you have deciduous teeth as a child

66
Q

How many permanent teeth does an adult have?

A

32

67
Q

How many molars does an adult have?

A

5 in each quadrant (20 total)

68
Q

What are the 3 parts of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx

69
Q

What prevents air from entering the esophagus?

A

A circular muscle layer in the superior 3 cm (1.2 in.) of the esophagus

70
Q

What is deglutition?

A

Swallowing

71
Q

What are the 3 phases of deglutition?

A
  1. Buccal phase
  2. Pharyngeal phase
  3. Esophageal phase
72
Q

What is intrinsic factor?

A

A glycoprotein required for absorption of vitamin B12

73
Q

Between what vertebrae does the stomach extend?

A

T7 and L3

74
Q

What are gastric pits?

A

depressions that denote entrances to gastric glands. deeper in the pylorus

75
Q

How far do gastric glands reach?

A

Deep into underlying lamina propria

76
Q

What do Pyloric Glands produce?

A

Enteroendocrine cells
G cells produce gastrin
D cells release somatostatin (ant-gastrin)

77
Q

What regulates the production of acid and enzymes by the gastric mucosa?

A
  1. CNS
  2. short reflexes of ENS
  3. hormones of digestive tract
78
Q

Which nerve curves around the top of the stomach?

A

Vagus Nerve

79
Q

What occurs during the cephalic phase?

A

stomach prepares for arrival of food by increasing gastric juices as g cells release gastrin

80
Q

What occurs during the gastric phase?

A
  1. enhances secretion of juices
  2. prepares chyme (acid + homogenize)
  3. initiates pepsin digestion of protein
81
Q

What occurs during the intestinal phase?

A

controls rate of chyme entry into the duodenum

82
Q

90% of nutrient absorption occurs

A

In the small intesine

83
Q

What 3 things major does the duodenum recieve?

A
  1. Chyme
  2. digestive secretions from pancreas
  3. bile from liver/gallbladder
84
Q

Other than absorption, what does the duodenum do?

A

Neutralize acids before they can damage the small intestine

85
Q

What has small villi and is the site of the most chemical digestion nutrient absorption?

A

Jejunum

86
Q

How long is the Jejunum?

A

2.5 meters (8.2 ft) long

87
Q

What is the final segment of the small intestine?

A

The ileum

88
Q

How long is the ileum and where does it end?

A

The 3.5 meters (11.48 ft) long ileum ends at the ileoceval valve

89
Q

What are Plicae circulares?

A

Permanent transverse folds in the small intestinal lining

90
Q

What are Crypts of Lieberkühn?

A

Openings from small intestinal glands at bases of villi, leading to intestinal lumen

91
Q

What are Brush Border Enzymes?

A

Membrane proteins on surfaces of intestinal microvilli that break down materials

92
Q

What are 2 things produced by intestinal glands?

A

Enteropeptidase (brush border enzyme activates trypsinogen)

Enteroendocrine cells (Produce intestinal hormones)

93
Q

What are referred to as submucosal or Brunner glands?

A

Duodenal Glands

94
Q

What do Duodenal Glands produce?

A

copious quantities of mucus (for chyme!)

95
Q

How many liters of Intestinal Secretions are produced per day?

A

1.8 liters

96
Q

What triggers relaxation of ileocecal valve?

A

The Gastroileal Reflex

97
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pancreas?

A

Head Body Tail

98
Q

What are Pancreatic Acini?

A

Blind pockets containing scattered pancreatic islets

99
Q

What are pancreatic islets?

A

Endocrine tissues of pancreas

100
Q

What are the 2 major cells of the pancreas”

A
  1. Endocrine cells of the pancreatic islets

2. Exocrine cells

101
Q

What do Endocrine cells of the pancreas do?

A

Secrete insulin and glucagon into blood stream

102
Q

What do Exocrine cells of the pancreas do?

A

secrete pancreatic juice

103
Q

How much pancreatic juice is secreted per day?

A

1000 mL (1 qt) pancreatic juice per day

104
Q

What are 4 pancreatic enzymes?

A
  1. Pancreatic alpha-amylase
  2. Pancreatic lipase
  3. Nucleases
  4. Proteolytic enzymes
105
Q

What is Pancreatic lipase?

A

Breaks down complex lipids

106
Q

What is Pancreatic alpha-amylase?

A

Breaks down starches similar to salivary amylase

107
Q

What is Nucleases?

A

Breaks down nucleic acids

108
Q

What are Proteolytic enzymes?

A

70% of all pancreatic enzyme production, Break certain proteins apart

109
Q

What is the largest visceral organ?

A

The liver

110
Q

How much does the liver weigh?

A

1.5 kg; 3.3 lb

111
Q

How many portal areas does a liver lobule have?

A

6

112
Q

What 3 parts make up the portal area of a liver lobule?

A
  1. Branch of hepatic portal vein
  2. Branch of hepatic artery proper
  3. Small branch of bile duct
113
Q

Where does the cystic duct lead?

A

From the liver to the duodenum

114
Q

Where does the common bile duct lead?

A

from the gallbladder

115
Q

What are the 3 jobs of the liver (better 1)

A
  1. Metabolic regulation
  2. Hematological regulation
  3. Bile production
116
Q

3 regions of the gallbladder?

A
  1. Fundus 2. Body 3. Neck
117
Q

How much bile is stored in a full gallbladder?

A

40–70 mL

118
Q

How long does it take for materials to pass from duodenum to end of ileum?

A

5 hours

119
Q

What is the largest portion of the large intestine?

A

The colon

120
Q

What is the taeniae coli?

A

Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon that create the haustra

121
Q

What are fatty appendices?

A

teardrop-shaped sacs of fat in the serosa of the colon

122
Q

How long is the sigmoid colon?

A

15 cm (6 in.) long

123
Q

Other than vitamin K, what other nutrients are produced by bacteria in the colon?

A
  1. biotin 2. Pantothenic acid: B5
124
Q

When bacteria break down peptides in feces they generate:

A
  1. Ammonia
  2. Indole and skatole (stinky-poop nitrogen compounds)
  3. Hydrogen sulfide (farts but in the poop)
125
Q

What is responsible for flatus?

A

Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates (complex polysaccharides)

126
Q

What must be digested before absorption can occur?

A

Large organic molecules

127
Q

What can be absorbed without processing?

A

Water, electrolytes, and vitamins

128
Q

Brush border enzymes break nucleotides into

A
  1. Sugars
  2. Phosphates
  3. Nitrogenous bases
129
Q

Effects of aging on the digestive system?

A
  1. Division of epithelial stem cells declines:
  2. Smooth muscle tone and general motility decreases
  3. Cumulative damage from toxins
  4. Risk of Colon cancer and stomach cancer increase
  5. Decline in olfactory and gustatory sensitivity

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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