Lab: Respiratory System Flashcards by L Dixon

Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords (superior or inferior)?

Inferior vocal

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forms the Adam’s apple

thyroid cartilage

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a “lid” for the larynx

epiglottis

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shaped like a ring

cricoid cartilage

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vocal cord attachment

arytenoid cartilage

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Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?

To maintain its open passageway regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing (keeps it from collapsing like the esophagus does)

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Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?

Allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when a large food bolus is swallowed

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Name the functions of the nasal conchae:

increase air turbulence; warm, moisten and filter air

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Which main bronchi more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?

Right

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Which main bronchi is longer?

Left

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Which main bronchi is larger in larger in diameter?

Right

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Which main bronchi is more horizontal?

Left

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What are the conducting zone structures

Nostrils - Nasal vestibule - nasal cavity - posterior nasal aperture - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

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Respiratory Zone Structures

respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli - respiratory membrane

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Connects the larynx to the main bronchi

Trachea

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Includes terminal and respiratory as subtypes

Bronchiole

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Food passageway posterior to the trachea

Esophagus

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Cover’s the glottis during swallowing of food

Epiglottis

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Contains the vocal cords

Larynx

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Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

Phrenic nerve

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Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

Parietal pleura

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Site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

Alveolus

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Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

Pharyngotympanic tube

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Contains opening between the vocal folds

Glottis

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Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity

Conchae

Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

Palate

What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as anatomical dead space? Why?

The conducting zone structures; all respiratory passageways

Why are portions of the respiratory system considered anatomical dead space?

No gas exchange occurs

Define external respiration

The gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs

Define internal respiration

Exchange of gases between systemic blood and interstitium (oxygen unloading/carbon dioxide loading)

Cellular respiration

Oxygen enters the cell from interstitium and carbon dioxide exits the cell to enter the interstitium

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow into the lungs?

Increase in thoracic volume decrease in peressure

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs? Explain why?

Decrease in thoracic volume, increase in pressure. Gases move in the direction that tends to equalize pressure inside and outside the "container".

What effect does contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles have on thoracic volume, and how is this accomplished?

Thoracic Volume Increases. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior/inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior and posterior dimensions

What temporary physiologic advantage is created by the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration?

Increases the thoracic volume more; creates a greater negative internal pressure; causing the gases to rush in quickly; more fresh air reaches the alveoli

The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements, what would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity, as with a puncture wound?

The vacuum would be destroyed causing the lung affected to collapse. To treat this a chest tube is inserted withdrawing the air and the chest is closed.

Which of the respiratory sounds is heard during inspiration and expiration?

Bronchiole

Which is heard primarily during inspiration?

Vesicular

Where did you best hear the vesicular respiratory sounds?

Triangle of auscultation

Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration?

Residual volume (1200 ml male/1100 ml female)

Volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal respiration?

Expiratory reserved (1200 ml/ 700 ml)

Volume of air that is breathed in and out during a normal respiration?

Tidal volume (500 ml/500 ml)

Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal respiration?

Inspiration reserve (2100 ml/1700 ml)

Volume of air corresponding to TV+IRV+ERV:

Vital capacity (4800 ml/ 3100 ml)

Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect?

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema

Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm?

Medulla oblongata and pons

What is Hering-Breuer reflex?

The reflex to prevent the lungs from becoming overstretched

Why does hyperventilation produce apnea?

Hyperventilation washes carbon dioxide out of the blood. Since carbon dioxide is the major chemical stimulus for inspiration, the desire or drive to breathe is decreased.

Why does rebreathing air produce an increased respiratory rate?

Breathing CO2 raises the acidity in the blood and signals a need for more O2

What was the effect for running in place (exercise) on the duration of breath holding?

Decreased

Increase in blood CO2 increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

Increase

Decrease in blood O2 increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

Increase

Increase in blood pH increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

Decrease

Decrease in blood pH increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

Increase

Did it appear the CO2 or O2 had a more marked effect on modifying the respiratory rate?

CO2

Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure located?

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood located?

Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and carotid bodies @ the diffraction of the common carotid artery

What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant?

Increased levels of CO2 in the blood

Define buffer?

A molecule or molecularly system that acts to resist pH changes

What buffer system operates in blood plasma?

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system

Which component of the buffer system resists a drop in pH?

HCO3: bicarbonate

Which resists a rise in pH?

H2CO3: Carbonic acid

What is apnea?

Reduced respiratory rate

Formula of inspiratory capacity

IV= Tidal Volume (i) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

Formula of expiratory capacity

IV= Tidal Volume (e) + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Formula of functional residual capacity?

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

Formula of vital capacity

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

Formula of total capacity

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

Activation of what muscles beings the inspiration process?

the diaphragm and the external intercostal

Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs (20 steps)

1. External Nares 2. Nasal vestibule 3. Nasal cavity 4. posterior nasal aperture 5. nasopharynx 6. oropharynx 7. laryngopharynx 8. larynx 9. trachea 10. primary bronchi 11. secondary bronchi 12. tertiary bronchi 13. bronchioles 14. terminal bronchioles 15. respiratory bronchioles 16. alveolar ducts - 17. alveolar sacs 18. alveoli 19. respiratory membrane 20. pulmonary capillary blood