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A+P 2 > Lab: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Lab: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

Two pairs of vocal folds are found in the larynx. Which pair are the true vocal cords (superior or inferior)?

A

Inferior vocal

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2
Q

forms the Adam’s apple

A

thyroid cartilage

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3
Q

a “lid” for the larynx

A

epiglottis

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4
Q

shaped like a ring

A

cricoid cartilage

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5
Q

vocal cord attachment

A

arytenoid cartilage

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6
Q

Why is it important that the human trachea is reinforced with cartilaginous rings?

A

To maintain its open passageway regardless of the pressure changes that occur during breathing (keeps it from collapsing like the esophagus does)

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7
Q

Why is it important that the rings are incomplete posteriorly?

A

Allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly when a large food bolus is swallowed

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8
Q

Name the functions of the nasal conchae:

A

increase air turbulence; warm, moisten and filter air

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9
Q

Which main bronchi more commonly traps a foreign object that has entered the respiratory passageways?

A

Right

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10
Q

Which main bronchi is longer?

A

Left

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11
Q

Which main bronchi is larger in larger in diameter?

A

Right

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12
Q

Which main bronchi is more horizontal?

A

Left

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13
Q

What are the conducting zone structures

A

Nostrils - Nasal vestibule - nasal cavity - posterior nasal aperture - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx - larynx - trachea - primary bronchi - secondary bronchi - tertiary bronchi - bronchioles - terminal bronchioles

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14
Q

Respiratory Zone Structures

A

respiratory bronchioles - alveolar ducts - alveolar sacs - alveoli - respiratory membrane

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15
Q

Connects the larynx to the main bronchi

A

Trachea

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16
Q

Includes terminal and respiratory as subtypes

A

Bronchiole

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17
Q

Food passageway posterior to the trachea

A

Esophagus

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18
Q

Cover’s the glottis during swallowing of food

A

Epiglottis

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19
Q

Contains the vocal cords

A

Larynx

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20
Q

Nerve that activates the diaphragm during inspiration

A

Phrenic nerve

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21
Q

Pleural layer lining the walls of the thorax

A

Parietal pleura

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22
Q

Site from which oxygen enters the pulmonary blood

A

Alveolus

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23
Q

Connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngotympanic tube

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24
Q

Contains opening between the vocal folds

A

Glottis

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25
Q

Increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity

A

Conchae

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26
Q

Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

A

Palate

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27
Q

What portions of the respiratory system are referred to as anatomical dead space? Why?

A

The conducting zone structures; all respiratory passageways

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28
Q

Why are portions of the respiratory system considered anatomical dead space?

A

No gas exchange occurs

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29
Q

Define external respiration

A

The gas exchange between the blood and the air-filled chambers of the lungs

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30
Q

Define internal respiration

A

Exchange of gases between systemic blood and interstitium (oxygen unloading/carbon dioxide loading)

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31
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Oxygen enters the cell from interstitium and carbon dioxide exits the cell to enter the interstitium

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32
Q

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow into the lungs?

A

Increase in thoracic volume decrease in peressure

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33
Q

Under what internal conditions does air tend to flow out of the lungs? Explain why?

A

Decrease in thoracic volume, increase in pressure. Gases move in the direction that tends to equalize pressure inside and outside the “container”.

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34
Q

What effect does contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles have on thoracic volume, and how is this accomplished?

A

Thoracic Volume Increases. The diaphragm moves inferiorly, increasing the superior/inferior dimension; the ribs swing up and out, increasing the lateral and anterior and posterior dimensions

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35
Q

What temporary physiologic advantage is created by the substantial increase in chest circumference during forced inspiration?

A

Increases the thoracic volume more; creates a greater negative internal pressure; causing the gases to rush in quickly; more fresh air reaches the alveoli

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36
Q

The presence of a partial vacuum between the pleural membranes is integral to normal breathing movements, what would happen if an opening were made into the chest cavity, as with a puncture wound?

A

The vacuum would be destroyed causing the lung affected to collapse. To treat this a chest tube is inserted withdrawing the air and the chest is closed.

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37
Q

Which of the respiratory sounds is heard during inspiration and expiration?

A

Bronchiole

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38
Q

Which is heard primarily during inspiration?

A

Vesicular

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39
Q

Where did you best hear the vesicular respiratory sounds?

A

Triangle of auscultation

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40
Q

Volume of air present in the lungs after a forceful expiration?

A

Residual volume (1200 ml male/1100 ml female)

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41
Q

Volume of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal respiration?

A

Expiratory reserved (1200 ml/ 700 ml)

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42
Q

Volume of air that is breathed in and out during a normal respiration?

A

Tidal volume (500 ml/500 ml)

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43
Q

Volume of air that can be inspired forcibly after a normal respiration?

A

Inspiration reserve (2100 ml/1700 ml)

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44
Q

Volume of air corresponding to TV+IRV+ERV:

A

Vital capacity (4800 ml/ 3100 ml)

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45
Q

Which respiratory ailments can respiratory volume tests be used to detect?

A

Chronic bronchitis, emphysema

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46
Q

Where are the neural control centers of respiratory rhythm?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

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47
Q

What is Hering-Breuer reflex?

A

The reflex to prevent the lungs from becoming overstretched

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48
Q

Why does hyperventilation produce apnea?

A

Hyperventilation washes carbon dioxide out of the blood. Since carbon dioxide is the major chemical stimulus for inspiration, the desire or drive to breathe is decreased.

49
Q

Why does rebreathing air produce an increased respiratory rate?

A

Breathing CO2 raises the acidity in the blood and signals a need for more O2

50
Q

What was the effect for running in place (exercise) on the duration of breath holding?

51
Q

Increase in blood CO2 increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

52
Q

Decrease in blood O2 increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

53
Q

Increase in blood pH increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

54
Q

Decrease in blood pH increase or decrease the respiratory rate and depth?

55
Q

Did it appear the CO2 or O2 had a more marked effect on modifying the respiratory rate?

56
Q

Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in blood pressure located?

A

Aortic arch and carotid sinus

57
Q

Where are sensory receptors sensitive to changes in O2 levels in the blood located?

A

Aortic bodies in the aortic arch and carotid bodies @ the diffraction of the common carotid artery

58
Q

What is the primary factor that initiates breathing in a newborn infant?

A

Increased levels of CO2 in the blood

59
Q

Define buffer?

A

A molecule or molecularly system that acts to resist pH changes

60
Q

What buffer system operates in blood plasma?

A

Carbonic acid bicarbonate system

61
Q

Which component of the buffer system resists a drop in pH?

A

HCO3: bicarbonate

62
Q

Which resists a rise in pH?

A

H2CO3: Carbonic acid

63
Q

What is apnea?

A

Reduced respiratory rate

64
Q

Formula of inspiratory capacity

A

IV= Tidal Volume (i) + Inspiratory Reserve Volume

65
Q

Formula of expiratory capacity

A

IV= Tidal Volume (e) + Expiratory Reserve Volume

66
Q

Formula of functional residual capacity?

A

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

67
Q

Formula of vital capacity

A

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume

68
Q

Formula of total capacity

A

Tidal Volume + Inspiratory Reserve Volume + Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume

69
Q

Activation of what muscles beings the inspiration process?

A

the diaphragm and the external intercostal

70
Q

Trace a molecule of oxygen from the nostrils to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs (20 steps)

A
  1. External Nares 2. Nasal vestibule 3. Nasal cavity 4. posterior nasal aperture 5. nasopharynx 6. oropharynx 7. laryngopharynx 8. larynx 9. trachea 10. primary bronchi 11. secondary bronchi 12. tertiary bronchi 13. bronchioles 14. terminal bronchioles 15. respiratory bronchioles 16. alveolar ducts - 17. alveolar sacs 18. alveoli 19. respiratory membrane 20. pulmonary capillary blood
71
Q

A

A

Nasopharynx

72
Q

B

A

Oropharynx

73
Q

C

A

Laryngopharynx

74
Q

1

A

Sphenoid Sinus

75
Q

2

A

Posterior Nasal Aperture

76
Q

3

A

Pharyngeal tonsil

77
Q

4

A

Tubal Tonsil

78
Q

5

A

Opening of the pharyngotympanic tube

79
Q

6

80
Q

7

A

Palatine Tonsil

81
Q

8

A

Isthmus of fauces

82
Q

9

83
Q

10

84
Q

11

A

Frontal Sinus

85
Q

12

A

Nasal Cavity

86
Q

13

A

Nasal Conchae

87
Q

14

A

Nasal Vestibule

88
Q

15

A

Nostril or Nares

89
Q

16

A

Hard Palate

90
Q

17

A

Nasal Meatuses

91
Q

18

A

Soft Palate

92
Q

19

93
Q

20

A

Lingual Tonsil

94
Q

21

A

Hyoid Bone

95
Q

22

96
Q

23

A

Epiglottis

97
Q

24

A

Vestibular fold

98
Q

25

A

Thyroid Cartilage

99
Q

26

A

Vocal fold

100
Q

27

A

Cricoid Cartilage

101
Q

28

A

Thyroid Gland

102
Q

A

A

A: Trachea

103
Q

B

A

B: Superior lobe of left lung

104
Q

C

105
Q

D

A

D: Left primary bronchus

106
Q

E

A

E: Secondary (lobar) bronchus

107
Q

F

A

F: Tertiaary (segmental) bronchus

108
Q

G

A

G: Inferior lobe of the left lung

109
Q

H

A

H: Superior lobe of the right lung

110
Q

I

A

I: Middle lobe of the right lung

111
Q

J

A

J: Inferior lobe of the right lung

112
Q

A

A

A: Epiglottis

113
Q

B

A

B: Cuneiform cartilage

114
Q

C

A

C: Arytenoid Cartilage

115
Q

D

A

D: Cricoid cartilage

116
Q

E

A

E: Tracheal cartilage

117
Q

F

118
Q

G

A

G: Thyroid Cartilage

119
Q

H

A

H: Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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