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A+P 2 > Lab: Digestive Chemicals > Flashcards

Lab: Digestive Chemicals Flashcards

1
Q

Substance on which a catalyst works

A

Substrate

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2
Q

Biologic catalyst protein in nature

A

Enzyme

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3
Q

Increases the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the product

A

Catalyst

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4
Q

Provides a standard of composition for test results

A

Control

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5
Q

List three characteristics of enzymes

A
  1. substrate specific
  2. temperature specific
  3. pH specific
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6
Q

The enzymes of the digestive system are classified as hydrolases. What does this mean

A

Hydrolases breaks down organic food molecules by adding water to the molecular bonds to cleave them

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7
Q

Salivary amylase is produced by what organ

A

Salivary gland

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8
Q

Site of action for salivary amylase

A

Oral cavity or mouth

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9
Q

Substrate of salivary amylase is

A

Starch

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10
Q

Optimal pH of salivary amylase is

A

6.7-7.0

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11
Q

Trypsin is produced by what organ

A

Pancreas

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12
Q

Site of action for trypsin is

A

Small intestine

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13
Q

Substrate of trypsin

A

Proteins

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14
Q

Optimal pH of trypsin

A

8.0

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15
Q

Lipase is produced by what organ

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Site of action for lipase is

A

Small intestine

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17
Q

Substrates of lipase are

A

Fats and proteins

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18
Q

Optimal pH of lipase is

A

7.4-8.0

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19
Q

The end products of proteins are

A

Amino acids

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20
Q

The end products of fats are

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

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21
Q

The end products of carbohydrates are

A

Simple sugars glucose

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22
Q

How does the substrate for amylase differ from the substrate for lactase

A

Substrate of amylase is starch polysaccharides and substrate of lactase is disaccharides

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23
Q

How is the substrate for amylase similar to the substrate for lactase

A

Site of action is small intestine for both carbohydrates

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24
Q

Where does lactose hydrolysis occur for lactase-persistent individuals

A

Small intestines

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25
Q

Where does lactose hydrolysis occur for lactose-intolerant individuals who have consumed probiotic bacterial microflora

A

Large intestine

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26
Q

BAPNA

A

Used to test for protein hydrolysis which was indicated by a yellow color

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27
Q

Lugol’s iodine

A

Used to test for the presence of starch which was indicated by blue-black color

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28
Q

Litmus

A

Used to test for the presence of fatty acids which was evidenced by a color change from blue to pink

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29
Q

Benedict’s solution

A

Used to test for the presence of reducing sugars maltose, sucrose, glucose as indicated by a blue to green or organge color change

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30
Q

What conclusions can you draw when an experimental sample gives both a positive starch test and a positive maltose test after incubation

A

Starch digestion is partial into maltose

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31
Q

Why was 37 degrees C the optimal incubation temperature

A

It is body temperature

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32
Q

Trypsin is a protease similar to pepsin the protein digesting enzyme in the stomach. Would trypsin work well in the stomach why

A

No because the pH for trypsin is slightly basic the pH optimum for pepsin is acidic

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33
Q

What role does bile play in fat digestion

A

Emulsification of fat by bile increases the surface area for lipase activity

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34
Q

Assume you have been chewing a piece of bread for 5 to 6 minutes how would you expect it’s taste to change during this interval why

A

The bread would begin to taste sweet because starch is broken down to glucose by amylase

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35
Q

Mechanism of absorption for monosaccharides

A

Passive transport

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36
Q

Mechanism of absorption for fatty acids and monoglycerides

A

Active transport

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37
Q

Mechanism of absorption for amino acids

A

Active transport

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38
Q

Mechanism of absorption for water

A

Osmosis passive transport

39
Q

Mechanism of absorption for Na+, Cl-, Ca2+

A

Na+ Ca2+ active transport. Cl- diffusion

40
Q

Secretin is produced by

A

Duodenal mucosa

41
Q

Target organs and effects of secretin are

A
  1. pancreas secretes bicarbonate liquid buffer

2. liver secretes bile

42
Q

Gastrin is produced by

A
  1. Stomach mucosa

2. Duodenum

43
Q

Target organs and effects of gastrin are

A

Gastrin acts on the stomach glands to increase their secretory activity

44
Q

Cholecystokinin is produced by

A

Intestinal cells of duodenum

45
Q

Target organs and effects of cholecystokinin

A
  1. production of bile by liver and juice mix by pancreas
  2. gallbladder contraction to release bile
  3. inhibits gastric secretion
46
Q

Swallowing or

A

Deglutition

47
Q

Two phases of deglutition are

A
  1. Buccal phase (voluntary)

2. pharyngeal-esophageal phase (involuntary)

48
Q

Which phase of deglutition is voluntary

A

Buccal

49
Q

What happens during the buccal phase

A

The tongue is used to push the food into the back of the throat

50
Q

During swallowing the larynx

A

Rises to ensure that it’s passageway is covered by the epiglottis so that the ingested substances don’t enter the respiratory passageways

51
Q

It is possible to swallow water while standing on your head because

A

The water is carried along the esophagus involuntarily by the process of peristalsis

52
Q

The gastroesophageal sphincter

A

The pressure exerted by the foodstuffs on this sphincter causes it to open allowing the foodstuffs to enter the stomach

53
Q

The two major types of propulsive movement that occur in the small intestine are

A

Peristaltic and segmental

54
Q

Segmental movement acts to

A

Continuously mix the foods and to increase the absorption rate by moving different parts of chyme mass over the intestinal mucosa but it has less of a role in moving foods along the digestive tract

55
Q

What are the major functions of the mucosa

A

Major Functions: Secretion, absorption, protection

56
Q

What are the subdivisions of the mucosa

A

Surface epithelium, Lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

57
Q

What are the major functions of the submucosa

A

Nutrition, Protection

58
Q

What are the subdivisions of the submucosa

A

None

59
Q

What are the major functions of the Muscularis externa

A

Regulator of GI motility.

60
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Muscularis externa:

A

Smooth muscle Inner/Outer Layers

61
Q

What are the major functions of the serosa or adventitia

A

Major Functions: Anchors, protects, and reduces friction.

62
Q

What are the subdivisions of the Serosa or adventitia

A

Visceral peritoneum, mesothilium, adventita.

63
Q

The tubelike digestive system canal that extends from the mouth to the anus is known as the _______ canal or the ________ tract.

A

alimentary; digestive

64
Q

What transition in epithelial type exists at the gastroesophageal junction.

A

Squamous cells in the esophagus to columnar cell in the gastral mucosa.

65
Q

Differentiate the colon from the large intestine.

A

Large intestine extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus, but colon is part of the large intestine and divided into ascending, descending, and sigmoid colon.

66
Q

Conduit for both air and food?

A

Pharynx

67
Q

Fingerlike extensions of the intestinal mucosa that increase the surface area for absorption.

A

Villi

68
Q

Large collections of lymphoid tissue found in the submucosa of the small intestine.

A

Peyer’s patches

69
Q

Region containing two sphincters through which feces are expelled from the body?

A

Anus

70
Q

Wormlike sac that outpockets from the cecum?

A

Appendix

71
Q

The “gullet”; no digestive/absorptive function?

A

Esophagus

72
Q

Membrane securing the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

A

Frenulum

73
Q

Covers most of the abdominal regions like an apron?

A

Greater omentum

74
Q

Bone-supported anterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

Hard palate

75
Q

Valve at the junction of the small and large intestines?

A

Ileocecal valve

76
Q

Structure attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Lesser omentum

77
Q

Valve controlling food movement from the stomach into the duodenum?

A

Pyloric valve

78
Q

Folds of the gastric mucosa?

A

Rugae

79
Q

Primary region of food and water absorption?

A

Jejunum

80
Q

Posterosuperior boundary of the oral cavity?

A

Soft palate

81
Q

Initiates protein digestion?

A

Stomach: pepsin

82
Q

Produces mucus; found in the submucosa of the small intestine.

A

Duodenal glands

83
Q

Produces a product containing amylase that begins the starch breakdown in the mouth.

A

Salivary glands

84
Q

Produces many enzymes and an alkaline fluid that is secreted into the duodenum.

A

Pancreas

85
Q

Produces bile that it secreted into the duodenum via the bile duct.

A

Liver

86
Q

Found in the mucosa of the small intestine; produces intestinal juice.

A

Intestinal crypts.

87
Q

What is the role of the gallbladder

A

The gallbladder holds bile produced in the liver until it is needed for digesting fatty foods in the duodenum of the small intestine.

88
Q

The pancreas has two major populations of secretory cells - those in the islets and the acinar cells. Which population serves the digestive process?

A

Acinar cells

89
Q

What do parietal cells excrete?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor.

90
Q

Where are parietal cells located?

A

the gastric glands found in the lining of the fundus and cardia of the stomach.

91
Q

What do chief cells excrete?

A

pepsin

92
Q

Where are chief cells located?

A

deep in the mucosal layer of the stomach lining

93
Q

What are the 3 salivary glands?

A

Lingual, Submandibular + Parotid

94
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Special lymphatic vessels of the small intestine which absorb digested fatty acids in the form of chylomicrons

A+P 2 (19 decks)

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