Lecture: Blood Flashcards
Blood
What 2 systems does the circulatory system create?
The cardiovascular and lympathic
When does the circulatory system begin to form?
toward the end of the third week of intra-uterine life
When does the heart start beating?
4 weeks
What is the critical period of heart development?
from day 20 to day 50 after fertilization
What does the cardiovascular system comprise of?
The heart (pump), blood vessels (conducting tubes), and blood
Why is blood a connective tissue?
3 classifications:
cells – RBCs WBCs,
fiber – fibrin
matrix – plasma
What causes blood to be red?
Hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells
Oxygenated blood differs how in color?
It is a brighter red color
What is the normal temperature of blood?
38°C (100.4°F)
Compare the viscosity of blood to water
Blood is 5x more viscous than water
What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
How much blood does an adult male have?
5- 6 liters (80-85 ml/kg of body weight)
How much blood does an adult woman have?
4-5 liters
What percent of body weight in kg is blood?
7%
The function of blood is to transport ____________________?
transports nutrients, gases, hormones and metabolic wastes
The function of blood is to regulate ____________________?
regulates pH and ions (Hydrogen ion & electrolytes)
The function of blood is to restrict ____________________?
restricts fluid losses at injury sites (Hemostasis)
The function of blood is to defend against ____________________?
defends against toxins and pathogens (Immunity)
The function of blood is to stabilize ____________________?
Stabilizes body temperature (By dilatation and constriction of vessels (Absorbs heat generated from skeletal muscles, if too high- releases through skin)
What percentage of blood is plasma?
55%
What percentage of plasma is water?
92% of plasma is water
What percent of plasma is protein?
7%
What percent of blood is formed elements?
45%
What makes up the formed elements in blood?
erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What are the 3 types of plasma proteins?
albumins, globulins, fibrinogen
What is the role of albumin? What percentage does it make up of total plasma proteins?
Transport substances such as fatty acids, thyroid hormones, and steroid hormones.
Maintains osmotic pressure which maintains blood volume. 60% of plasma proteins.
What is the role of globulins? What percentage does it make up of total plasma proteins?
Antibodies, also called immunoglobulins (alpha beta and gamma) 35% of plasma proteins.
What is the role of Fibronigen? What percentage does it make up of total plasma proteins?
Molecules that form clots and produce long, insoluble strands of fibrin. 4%
Where are most plasma proteins formed?
In the liver
What are regulatory proteins made of and What percentage does it make up of total plasma proteins?
Enzymes, proenzymes, hormones. Less than 1%
What cells make up 99% of the bloods formed elements
Erythrocytes
How many erythrocytes are there in men and women?
Male: 4.5-6 million /cubic ml
Female: 4-5.5 million/cubic ml
How many erythrocytes are made in a day?
200 billion RBCs are produced in a day
Where are erythrocytes produced?
bone marrow from stem cells
How are erythrocytes shaped?
biconcave discs
What three things do Erythrocytes lack?
A nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria
How long does an RBC live?
100-120 days
Where do RBC’s grow in the first weeks after fertilization?
Nucleated RBC’s develop from Yolk sac
Where do RBC’s grow in the 2nd trimester?
The liver
Where do RBC’s grow after the 2nd trimester until 5 years of age?
The bone marrow of all bones
Where do RBC’s grow after the from 5-20 years of age?
The marrow of long bones
Where do RBC’s grow after the from 20+ years of age?
In the marrow of membranous bones like Vertebrae, scapula, sternum, iliac bones, ribs
What is a normal hb (hemoglobin range) for men and women?
Male: 13.8 to 17.2 grams per deciliter (g/dL) gm/100 ml
What is a normal leukocyte range for men and women?
5000 - 10000 white blood cells per microliter (mcL).
What is a differential count?
This blood test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood. It also reveals if there are any abnormal or immature cells.
What are the five types of leukocytes?
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes
What type of leukocyte makes up 40%-60% of total WBC
Neutrophils
What type of leukocyte makes up 20%-40% of total WBC
Lymphocytes
What type of leukocyte makes up 1%-4% of total WBC
Eosinophils
What type of leukocyte makes up 0.5% to 1% of total WBC
Basophils
What type of leukocyte makes up 2% to 8% of total WBC
Monocytes
How many platelets are there in the blood?
150,000 to 400,000 per cubic millimeter
How long does it take to form an RBC in the bone marrow?
5-7 days
How do RBCs generate ATP?
anaerobic glycolysis
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
Glycoprotein that stimulates bone marrow to make RBCs (which increases amount of Hgb available to carry oxygen)
What is hemocrit?
the ratio of the volume of red blood cells to the total volume of blood
What is Fetal Hemoglobin?
Strong form of hemoglobin found in embryos; takes oxygen from mother’s hemoglobin.
How many RBCs wear out per day?
About 3 million RBCs per second/200 billion a day
What is hemolyse?
Macrophages of liver, spleen, and bone marrow that monitor RBCs engulf RBCs before the membranes rupture
How many hemoglobin molecules are in each RBC?
280 million
How is hemoglobin recycled?
Phagocytes break hemoglobin into components : Globular proteins to amino acids. Biliverdin & iron
What is Hemoglobinuria?
Hemoglobin in Urine. Hemoglobin breakdown products in urine due to excess hemolysis in bloodstream
What is Hematuria?
Red Blood Cells in the urine. Due to kidney or tissue damage. This breaks down Biliverdin (green) to bilirubin (yellow)
What causes jaundice?
bilirubin buildup
What causes anemia?
iron deficiency causing a low level of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to cells.
What is aplastic anemia?
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
What is pernicious anemia?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
What is Sickle Cell Anemia?
A mutation in a gene causes a problem making the hemoglobin of the red blood cells, causing red blood cells to be rod/sickle shaped. This causes them to get stuck in capillaries and the bodies cells become deprived of oxygen
What is Hemolytic Anemias (Thalassemia)?
Defects in the genes producing hemoglobin. It is most common in people of Mediterranean descent.
What is hemorrhagic anemia?
blood loss causing an insufficient erythrocyte count
What is hemolytic anemia?
premature destruction of RBCs causing an insufficient RBC count
What is Polycythemia?
excess RBCs causing thick blood
What is polycythemia vera?
Uncontrolled RBC production in the bone marrow, causing a hematocrit of up to 80%
What is secondary polycythemia?
Increased RBC numbers increase in response to hypoxic conditions: living at higher altitudes, smoking, or too much erythropoietin release
What is blood doping?
The injection of oxygenated blood into an athlete before an event to increase oxygen delivery during athletic performance.
What does a neutrophil do?
phagocytize and destroy bacteria
What does a basophil do?
Releases histamine which promotes inflammation and heparin which prevents blood clotting.
What does a eosinophil do?
Releases chemicals that combat inflammation, attacks certain parasitic worms.
What are granulocytes?
Leukocytes that contain granules. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
What are agranulocytes?
Leukocytes that do not contain granules. Lymphocytes and Monocytes
What does a lymphocyte do?
produce antibodies and regulates the immune system
What does a monocyte do?
Phagocytic cell in blood that leave the blood and becomes a macrophage in tissues. Phagoticyzes bacteria, dead cells and debris
What do platelets do?
clot blood
What are platelets?
Small fragments of cells with no nucleus and granules.
How are blood types determined?
genetically
How are blood types identified?
by the type of antigens (agglutinogens) on its surface
What type of antigen and antibody does type A blood have?
Antigen A, antibody B
What type of antigen and antibody does type B blood have?
Antigen B, antibody A
What type of antigen and antibody does type AB blood have?
Antigens A and B, No antibodies
What type of antigen and antibody does type 0 blood have?
No antigens, Both A and B antibodies
What is another name for D antigen?
Rh factor
What blood types have anti-Rh antibodies
sensitized Rh- blood, A-, B-, O-
What happens when a Rh- patient without Rh antibodies gets Rh+ blood via transfusion?
The patient would develop the Rh antibody over the course of a few months. Any subsequent transfusions with Rh+ blood would cause the reaction.
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Occurs when a pregnant mother’s Rh negative antibodies cross the placenta and attack the RBCs of her unborn child.
What happens if a patient receives the wrong blood type during a tranfusion? (Transfusion reaction)
Plasma antibody meets its specific surface antigen, Blood will agglutinate and hemolyse
What blood type is a universal donor?
Type O negative
What blood type is a universal recipient?
Type AB positive
What blood cells have a nucleus and organelles?
Leukocytes
How do leukocytes move?
ameboid motion, (Diapedesis, Chemotaxis)
Where do leukocytes originate?
With the exception of monocytes, bone marrow
Where do monocytes develop?
Develop into macrophages in peripheral tissues
Which leukocytes are phagocytic?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
Which leukocytes are the first to attack bacteria?
Neutrophils
Which leukocytes are larger than RBC’s?
Lymphocytes
What are the 3 classes of lymphocytes?
T cells, B cells, Natural killer (NK) cells
What is Leukopenia?
Abnormally low WBC count (below 4,000)
What is Leukocytosis?
abnormally high WBC count indicates bacterial/viral infection
What is Leukemia?
Cancer of white blood cells
What is Hemostasis?
The cessation of bleeding via clotting
What are the 3 phases of hemostasis?
- Vascular phase
- formation of a platelet plug
- blood clotting or coagulation
How long does a vascular spasm last?
30 minutes
What are the 3 steps of the vascular phase?
- Endothelial cells contract
- Endothelial cells release chemicals ADP, tissue factor, and hormones to stimulate smooth muscle contraction
- Endothelial pasma membranes become “sticky” to seal off blood flow
When does the platelet phase begin?
15 seconds after injury
What happens during the platelet phase?
Platelet adhesion and platelet aggregation, platelets release clotting compounds
What is thrombocytopoiesis?
platelet production
What are megakaryocytes?
Large cells that break up to form platelets.
How long do platelets survive and where are they destroyed?
5-9 days, destroyed in the liver and spleen
How many platelets per microliter?
150,000 to 500,000
What is Thrombocytopenia?
low platelet count
What is Thrombocytosis?
too many platelets
What are the 3 functions of Platelets?
- Release important clotting chemicals
- Temporarily patch damaged vessel walls
- Reduce size of a break in vessel wall
When does the coagulation phase begin?
30 seconds or more after injury
What are the cascade reactions of blood clotting?
chain reactions of enzymes and proenzymes form three pathways convert circulating fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
What are clotting factors?
procoagulants, proteins or ions in plasma. Prothrombin and fibrinogen
What is heparin?
Anticoagulant
What are the 3 coagulation pathways?
- Extrinsic pathway
- Intrinsic pathway
- Common pathway
What is fibrinolysis?
the enzymatic breakdown of the fibrin in blood clots.
What is the extrinsic pathway?
initial coagulation pathway that begins with damaged cells releasing tissue factor (TF) and results in the activation of the common pathway
What is the Intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Activation of enzymes by collagen
The Common Pathway
final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, converts prothrombin to thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin forming a blood clot
How long does a clot reaction take?
30-60 minutes
What common vitamins are used in the clotting process?
Calcium ions and vitamin K
What is Antithrombin?
An enzyme that interrupts the coagulation process, by inhibiting thrombin
What is Prostacyclin?
Prostaglandin derivate from endothelial cells. Causes vasodilation and inhibits release of coagulating factors from platelets
What is patent ductus arteriosus?
Failure of the ductus arteriosus to close, causing aortic blood to be shunted into the pulmonary artery. Most common in prematurely born female infants.
What is a patent foramen ovale?
When the foramen ovale does not properly close, blood is abnormally shunted between the R and L atria
What is the difference between chronic and acute leukemia?
Chronic leukemia cells do not mature all the way, so they are not as capable of defending against infections as normal lymphocytes.
Acute leukemia cells begin to replicate before any immune functions have developed.
What is Erythropoiesis?
The creation of RBCs
Which WBC has Bilobed nuclei?
Eosinophil + Basophil
Which cell has 2-5 lobes on its nucleus?
Neutrophil
Where is Erythropoietin produced?
The kidney and liver
What stimulates the bone marrow to produce more red blood cells?
Erythropoietin
