Lecture: Metabolism Flashcards
What is metabolism?
Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
What is catabolism?
Catabolism is a type of metabolism: the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler forms.
Why type of reaction is catabolism?
Catabolism is an exergonic reaction (energy, or ATP, is released).
What is anabolism?
Anabolism is a type of metabolism: the building of simple molecules into more complex molecules.
What type of reaction is anabolism?
Anabolism is an endergonic reaction (energy, or ATP, is used).
How is ATP used in catabolism?
Catabolic reactions transfer energy from complex molecules to ATP.
How is ATP used in anabolism?
Anabolic reactions transfer energy from ATP to complex molecules.
What is oxidation?
Oxidation is the removal of electrons. It results in a decrease in potential energy. There is also a loss of H+.
Oxidation Is
Loss of electrons
What is reduction?
Reduction is the addition of electrons. It results in an increase in potential energy. There is also a gain of H+.
Reduction Is
Gain of electrons
What are the two main mechanisms of ATP generation?
- substrate level phosphorylation 2. oxidative phosphorylation
What is substrate level phosphorylation?
the generation of ATP by transferring a high-energy phosphate group from a substrate to ADP.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
the generation of ATP by removing electrons from organic compounds and passing them through the electron transport chain.
What are the breakdown products of carbohydrate metabolism used for?
- ATP production
- amino acid synthesis
- glycogen synthesis (process called glycogenesis)
- triglyceride synthesis (process called lipogenesis)
Before glucose can be used by the body, it must first enter the body cells by passing through the plasma membrane and entering the cytosol. What are the two methods this occurs?
- secondary active transport
2. facilitated diffusion
How does glucose enter the cell through secondary active transport?
glucose enters cells through Na+ glucose symporters.
How does glucose enter the cell through facilitated diffusion?
glucose enters cells by being transported on GluT molecules.
Where does secondary active transport of glucose mainly occur in the body?
mainly occurs in the GI tract.
Where does facilitated diffusion of glucose mainly occur in the body?
in most body cells besides the GI tract.
What is cellular respiration?
the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP.
What are the four steps in cellular respiration?
- glycolysis
- formation of acetyl coenzyme A
- the Krebs Cycle
- the electron transport chain reactions
Where does glycolysis occur?
In the cytosol of the cell.
What is the energy net gain in glycolysis?
2 ATP molecules, 2 NADH + H+