(Lecture) Terminologies

Question 1

Variations in the nucleotide sequence of a genome

Answer 1

Mutation

Question 2

Induced mutations are those that result from an exposure to:

Answer 2

Chemicals, UV rays, X-rays, or some other Environmental Agent.

Question 3

Spontaneous mutations occur _____

Answer 3

Without any exposure to any environmental agent

Question 4

Those mutations that affect a single base pair. One base is replaced by another.

Answer 4

Substitutions or Point Mutations

Question 5

Refers to a purine or pyrimidine being replaced by a base of the same kind; for example, a purine such as adenine may be replaced by the purine guanine.

Answer 5

Transition Substitution

Question 6

Refers to a purine being replaced by a pyrimidine, or vice versa; for example, cytosine, a pyrimidine, is replaced by adenine, a purine.

Answer 6

Transversion Substitution

Question 7

Occurs when the substitution results in a codon for a different amino acid.

Answer 7

Missense Mutation

Question 8

Occurs when the substitution results in the formation of a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA)

Answer 8

Nonsense Mutation

Question 9

Addition of a base is known as _____

Answer 9

Insertion

Question 10

Deletion of base is known as _____

Answer 10

Deletion

Question 11

Only one nucleotide is inserted or deleted. They shift the reading frame of the codons.

Answer 11

Frameshift Mutations

Question 12

Association of two organisms living in close proximity

Answer 12

Symbiosis

Question 13

Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit from each other

Answer 13

Mutualism

Question 14

One organism benefits while there is no beneficial or harmful effect to the other

Answer 14

Commensalism

Question 15

One organism (parasite) benefits at the expense of its host

Answer 15

Parasitism

Question 16

It is caused by a microorganism from the microbiota of the host.

Answer 16

Autogenous Infection

Question 17

It is an infection that occurs as the result of some medical treatment or procedure.

Answer 17

Iatrogenic Infection

Question 18

Affects immunocompromised host by not individuals with a normal immune system

Answer 18

Opportunistic Infection

Question 19

Hospital acquired infection; acquired at a healthcare facility.

Answer 19

Nosocomial Infection

Question 20

Presence of bacteria in the blood without active multiplication

Answer 20

Bacteremia

Question 21

Active multiplication of invading bacteria in the blood

Answer 21

Septicemia

Question 22

Pus-producing organisms repeatedly invade the blood stream and become localized at different parts of the body

Answer 22

Pyemia

Question 23

Presence of toxins in the blood

Answer 23

Toxemia

Question 24

Signs and symptoms are confined in one area

Answer 24

Local Infection

Question 25

Starts as a local infection before spreading to other parts of the body

Answer 25

Focal Infection

Question 26

Microbes spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph

Answer 26

Systemic Infection

Question 27

Initial infection that causes the illness (ex. Common cold)

Answer 27

Primary

Question 28

Caused by opportunistic pathogens after primary infection has weakened the host’s immune system (ex. pneumonia and bronchitis may develop from a common cold)

Answer 28

Secondary

Question 29

Clinically silent inside the body and causes no noticeable illnesses in the host. Then, a severe and acute infection manifests (ex. Asymptomatic-type polio infection)

Answer 29

Latent or Silent Phase

Question 30

Caused by two or more organisms (ex. A wound infection)

Answer 30

Mixed

Question 31

Refer to microbe living inside a host for a limited period of time, typically less than six months (ex. Whooping cough)

Answer 31

Acute

Question 32

Develops slowly with milder but longer-lasting symptoms (ex. Tuberculosis)

Answer 32

Chronic

Question 33

Ability of a pathogenic agent to produce a disease in a susceptible individual

Answer 33

Pathogenicity

Question 34

Degree of pathogenicity

Answer 34

Virulence

Question 35

Factors influencing microbial virulence:

Answer 35

Toxic Factors Enzymatic Factors Cellular Structure

Question 36

Ability to create a specific protective response against microorganisms

Answer 36

Immune Response

Question 37

Two Types of Specific Immunity:

Answer 37

Humoral (Antibody-mediated) Cellular (Cell-mediated)

Question 38

It is based on the action of soluble proteins called antibodies. From B-lymphocytes.

Answer 38

Humoral (Antibody-mediated)

Question 39

Action of specific kinds of T-lymphocytes that directly attack the cells that are infected

Answer 39

Cellular (Cell-mediated)

Question 40

Protection of susceptible humans and domestic animals from communicable diseases through vaccination

Answer 40

Active Immunization

Question 41

Non-specific response that activates chemotaxis, or the process by which phagocytes are directed to the site of replication and engulf the invading organism

Answer 41

Natural Immunity

Question 42

Antibodies that are attached to the surface of the pathogens and which kill the bacteria by lysis

Answer 42

Complement-fixing Antibodies

Question 43

Attached to the surface of microorganisms which block surface receptors

Answer 43

Neutralizing Antibodies

Question 44

Attached to the surface of microorganisms and render pathogens susceptible to phagocytosis

Answer 44

Opsonizing Antibodies