(Lecture) Bacterial Structure and Function, Growth and Nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
How many percent of known microbes can cause disease?
A
3% to 5%
2
Q
Microbes that do not cause disease is called _____
A
Nonpathogens
3
Q
_____ bacteria are prokaryotic cells that infect eukaryotic hosts.
A
Pathogenic (Disease-causing)
4
Q
Inhibits bacterial growth without harming eukaryotic host cells.
A
Antibiotic Action
5
Q
The site of protein synthesis
A
Ribosomes
6
Q
_____ and _____ are found free in the cytoplasm/attached to the cytoplasmic membrane
A
RNA and Protein
7
Q
Ribosomes are _____ in size
A
70S
8
Q
70S
The “S” after the number means _____
A
Svedberg Unit
9
Q
Ribosomes are 70S in size and dissociates into two subunits which are the _____ and _____
A
50S
30S
10
Q
Refers to the sedimentation rate of a particle during high speed centrifugation
A
Svedberg Unit
11
Q
Storage deposits and may consist of polysaccharides such as _____, lipids such as _____ or _____.
A
Glycogen
Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate
Polyphosphates
12
Q
Small, dormant (inactive) asexual spores that developinside the bacterial cell (active vegetative cell) as a means of survival
A
Endospore
13
Q
_____ and _____ produce endospores in response to harsh environmental conditions
A
Bacillus
Clostridium
14
Q
Spores that are found at the tips of the bacterial cell
A
Terminal Spore
15
Q
Spores that are found near the ends or tip of the bacterial cell
A
Subterminal Spore
16
Q
Spores that are found at the center
A
Central Spore
17
Q
Identify the Type of Endospore:
Clostridium tetani
A
Terminal Spore
18
Q
Identify the Type of Endospore:
Clostridium botulinum
A
Subterminal Spore
19
Q
Identify the Type of Endospore:
Bacillus anthracis
A
Central Spore
20
Q
Most used endospore stain
A
Schaeffer-Fulton Stain
21
Q
A bacteria that gives the organism a characteristic tennis racquet-shaped or lollipop-shaped appearance.
A
Clostridium tetani
22
Q
A structure that is composed of phospolipids and proteins but do not contain the lipid sterol unlike the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells an exception to this is the mycoplasma which contains sterols in their plasma membrane
A
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane
23
Q
(Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes) have a high osmotic pressure inside the cell
A
Prokaryotes
24
Q
Acts as an osmotic barrier
A
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane
25
Location of the electron transport chain, where energy is generated.
Plasma Membrane or Cell Membrane
26
A rigid structure that maintains the shape of the cell
Cell Wall
27
2 Major Types of Cell Wall
1. Gram-positive
2. Gram-negative
28
A Type of Cell Wall that appears blue to purple under the microscope
Gram-positive
29
A Type of Cell Wall that appears pink under the microscope
Gram-negative
30
_____ have a modified cell wall called acid-fast cell wall.
Mycobacteria
31
Mycobacteria have a modified cell wall called _____
Acid-fast cell wall
32
This specie/s have no cell wall
Mycoplasmas
33
Functions of Cell Wall:
1. Prevents bursting of the cell from the high osmotic pressure inside it
2. Serves a point of anchorage for flagella
3. Determining the staining characteristic of
species
34
Cell Wall that has a Very thick protective peptidoglycan (murein) layer – principal component
Gram-positive Cell Wall
35
Gram-positive consist of polysaccharide/glycan chains which are the:
N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG)
N-acetyl-d-muramic acid (NAM)
36
A Type of Cell Wall in which the inner peptidoglycan layer is much thinner
Gram-negative Cell Wall
37
This part adds in the permeability of the cell wall
Porins
38
Three Regions of Lipopolysaccharide in the Gram-negative Cell Wall:
o Antigenic O-specific polysaccharide
o Core polysaccharide
o Inner lipid A (also called endotoxin)
39
This is responsible for fever experienced by those patients infected with gramnegative bacteria
Lipid A
40
Cell wall that is difficult to stain with Gram Stain
Acid-fast Cell Wall
41
Gram-positive cell wall structure but also contain a waxy layer of glycolipids and fatty acids (mycolic acid) bound to the exterior of the cell wall
Acid-fast Cell Wall
42
Specie/s that are best stained with an acid-fast stain
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
43
Acid-fast microbes appear _____ and Non-acid-fast bacteria appears _____
Red
Blue
44
In acid fast staining the bacterial smear is first stained with _____ decolorized with _____ and counterstained with _____
Carbolfuchsin
Acid Alcohol
Methylene Blue
45
Absence of Cell Wall are seen in what specie/s of bacteria?
Mycoplasma
Ureaplasma
46
Bacteria can lose their cell walls and grow as _____ in media supplemented with serum or sugar to prevent osmotic rupture of the cell membrane
L-forms
47
Derived from gram-positive bacteria and totally lacking cell walls
Unstable and osmotically fragile
Produced artificially by
lysozyme and hypertonic medium
Require hypertonic conditions for
maintenance
Protoplasts
48
Derived from gram-negative bacteria
Retain some residual but non-functional cell wall material
Osmotically fragile; produced by growth with penicillin
Must be maintained in hypertonic medium
Spheroplasts
49
Cell wall deficient forms of bacteria usually produced in the laboratory
Sometimes spontaneously formed in the body of patients treated with penicillin; more stable than protoplasts or spheroplasts, they can replicate in ordinary media.
L-Forms
50
Discrete organized covering
Usually made of polysaccharide
polymers, although they may also be
made of polypeptides
Act as virulence factors in helping the pathogen evade phagocytosis
Removal is accomplished by boiling a suspension of the microorganism
Does not ordinarily stain with use of
common laboratory stains, such as
Gram or India ink
Capsule
51
Like capsules but are more diffuse layers surrounding the cell
Also are made of polysaccharides
Serve either to inhibit phagocytosis or, in some cases, to aid in adherence to host tissue or synthetic implants
Slime Layer
52
Organ of locomotion and survivability
Flagella
53
Whip-like structures that aid in locomotion or movement the number and location of the flagella within the bacterial cell can vary within different species
Flagella
54
A single flagellum at one end
Pola/Monotrichous
55
A group or tuft of flagella are present at one pole of the bacterial cell
Lopotrichous
56
Flagella are present on both ends or poles
Amphitrichous
57
Flagellus sprouts from all sides of the
bacterial cell
Peritrichous
58
Tufts of flagella are present on both ends of the bacterial cell
Amphilophotrichous
59
Bacteria without flagella
Atrichous
60
Are nonmotile, long (2µm in length), hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange
Pili
61
A pili that functions as a genetic transfer or organ of attachement
Common Pili or Somatic Pili
62
A pili that functions for genetic transfer or conjugation process
Sex Pilus
63
Are non-flagellar, sticky, proteinaceous, hair-like appendages that adhere some bacterial cells to one another and to environmental surfaces.
Fimbriae
64
List down the Bacterial Classification based on their Characteristics:
o Morphology and arrangement
o Staining pili
o Cultural characteristics
o Biochemical reactions
o Antigenic structure
o Base composition of bacterial DNA
65
Shapes of Bacteria:
Cocci (Spherical)
Bacilli (Rod-Shaped)
Spirochetes (Spiral)
66
Cocci in pairs are called _____
Diplococci
67
Cocci in chains are called _____
Streptococci
68
Cocci in clusters are called _____
Staphylococci
69
Important environmental factors influence the growth rate of bacteria:
pH
Temperature
Gaseous Composition of the Atmosphere
70
Diagnostic laboratory media for bacteria are usually adjusted to a final pH between _____ and _____
7.0
7.5
71
Are nonmotile, long (2µm in length), hollow protein tubes that connect two bacterial cells and mediate DNA
exchange
Pili
72
Those that thrives at temperature between 10°C to 20°C are called _____
Psychrophiles
73
Psychrophiles grows best at the temperature of _____ to _____
10 degree Celsius
20 degree Celsius
74
Those that grow between 20° to 40° are called _____
Mesophiles
75
Mesophiles grows best at the temperature of _____ to _____
20 degree Celsius
40 degree Celsius
76
Those that grow between 50 degree Celsius to 60 degree Celsius are called _____
Thermophiles
77
Thermophiles grows best at the temperature of _____ to _____
50 degree Celsius
60 degree Celsius
78
_____ require oxygen for their
growth
Obligate Aerobes
79
Can grow either with or without oxygen but growth is enhanced in the
presence of oxygen
Facultative Anaerobes
80
Cannot grow in the presence of
oxygen in the atmosphere
Obligate Anaerobes
81
Can survive in the presence of oxygen but do not utilize oxygen in their metabolism
Aerotolerant Anaerobes
82
_____ organisms require a reduced level of oxygen for growth.
Microaerophiles
83
_____ organisms require an atmosphere enriched with extra carbon dioxide (5% to 10%)
Capnophilic
84
Bacteria reproduce asexually through a process called _____
Binary Fission
85
Phase where bacteria are preparing to divide
Lag Phase
86
Lag Phase is also known as _____
Period of Rejuvenescence
87
Phase on which bacterial numbers
increase logarithmically
Log Phase
88
Log Phase is also known as _____
Exponential Phase
89
Phase where nutrients are becoming
limited and the numbers of bacteria remain constant (although viability may decrease)
Stationary Phase
90
Stationary Phase is also known as _____
Plateau Phase
91
Phase where the number of nonviable bacterial cells exceeds the number of viable cells.
Death Phase
92
Death Phase is also known as _____
Decline Phase
93
The number of bacterial cells can determined using the following methods:
Direct Counting under the Microscope
Direct Plate Count
Density of Measurement
94
Metabolic Differences as Phenotypic Markers in the Identification of Bacteria:
1. Utilization of various substrates as a carbon source
2. Production of specific end products from various substrates
3. Production of an acid or alkaline pH in the test medium
95
An anaerobic process meaning it
proceeds without the need for oxygen and this is why it is employed by obligate and facultative anaerobes
Fermentation
96
Fermentation is employed by what type/s of Anaerobic Processes?
Obiligate Aerobe
Facultative Anaerobe
Aerotolerant Anaerobe
97
Three major biochemical pathways bacteria use to break down glucose to pyruvic acid:
o Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) Glycolytic Pathway
o Pentose Phosphate Pathway
o Entner-Doudoroff Pathway
98
In order to process lactose the bacterium has had two enzymes which are the:
Beta-galactoside Permease
Enzyme Beta-galactoside
