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Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) > (Lecture) Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

(Lecture) Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

DNA was first discovered by _____ in 1869

A

Frederick Miescher

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2
Q

DNA was first discovered by Frederick Miescher in _____

A

1869

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3
Q

It was _____ when Phoebus A. T. Levine discovered that DNA contained phosphates, five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and nitrogen-containing bases

A

1920s

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4
Q

Year 1920 when _____ discovered that DNA contained phosphates, five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and nitrogen-containing bases

A

Phoebus A. T. Levine

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5
Q

Year 1920 when Phoebus A.T. Levine discovered that DNA contained _____, _____, and _____

A

Phosphates, Five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and Nitrogen-containing bases

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6
Q

_____ discovered the helical structure by x-ray crystallography

A

Rosalind Franklin

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7
Q

Rosalind Franklin discovered the _____

A

Helical structure by x-ray crystallography

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8
Q

_____ and _____ described the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule in the 1950s

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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9
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick, who described the _____ in the 1950s

A

Three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule

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10
Q

A double helical chain of deoxynucleotides

A

DNA

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11
Q

_____ is a double strand twisted together, which many scientists refer to as a “spiral staircase” (resembling the handrail, sides, and steps of a spiral staircase)

A

Helix

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12
Q

The helix is a double strand twisted together, which many scientists refer to as a _____

A

Spiral Staircase

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13
Q

Consists of a fused ring on nine carbon atoms and nitrogen

A

Purine

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14
Q

What are the two purines?

A

Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

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15
Q

Consists of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen

A

Pyrimidine

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16
Q

What are the three pyrimidine?

A

Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

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17
Q

This is formed when the 5’ carbon of the sugar and one of the nitrogenous bases attaches to the 1’ carbon of the pentose sugar

A

Nucleotide

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18
Q

Basic building blocks of DNA

A

Nucleotide

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19
Q

_____ attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and the OH group is attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar

A

Phosphate

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20
Q

Phosphate attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and the _____ is attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar

A

OH group

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21
Q

Phosphate attaches to the _____ carbon of the sugar, and the OH group is attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar

A

5’

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22
Q

Phosphate attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and the OH group is attached to the _____ carbon of the sugar

A

3’

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23
Q

Bases are held together by _____ that keeps the structure stable

A

Hydrogen bonds

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24
Q

The sequence _____ represents different information than the sequence AGTCC

A

ACGCT

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25
Q

The sequence ACGCT represents different information than the sequence _____

A

AGTCC

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26
Q

In RNA, the nitrogenous base _____ is replaced by uracil

A

Thymine

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27
Q

In RNA, the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by _____

A

Uracil

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28
Q

Single-stranded and short, not double stranded and long, and contains the sugar _____

A

Ribose

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29
Q

Human beings are 99.9% (identical or not identical)?

A

Identical

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30
Q

Means of amplifying specific DNA sequences and detecting very small numbers of bacteria present in a specimen

A

Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique

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31
Q

Circumvent the need to culture bacteria

A

Genetic Tests

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32
Q

Necessary to understand the development and transfer of antimicrobial resistance by bacteria

A

Genetic Test

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33
Q

Genes are _____, expressed only under certain conditions

A

Silent Genes

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34
Q

Genes that are always expressed are _____

A

Constitutive

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35
Q

Genes that are expressed only under certain conditions are _____

A

Inducible

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36
Q

This is the duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell

A

Replication

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37
Q

The synthesis of ssRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase, using one strand of the DNA as a template

A

Transcription

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38
Q

The actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code

A

Translation

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39
Q

_____ also refers to the synthesis of a protein

A

Protein Expression

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40
Q

_____ are polypeptides composed of amino acids

A

Proteins

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41
Q

A group of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that signifies of a specific amino acid

A

Codon

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42
Q

Codon is a group of _____ in an mRNA molecule that signifies of a specific amino acid

A

Three nucleotides

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43
Q

Codon is a group of three nucleotides in an _____ that signifies of a specific amino acid

A

mRNA molecule

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44
Q

The triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the mRNA

A

Anticodon

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45
Q

Anticodon is the triplet of bases on the _____ that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the mRNA

A

tRNA

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46
Q

Anticodon is the triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the _____

A

mRNA

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47
Q

They consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell

A

Bacterial Chromosome (Genome)

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48
Q

Bacterial Chromosome (Genome) consists of a single, closed, circular piece of _____ that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell

A

dsDNA

49
Q

Bacterial Chromosome (Genome) consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is _____ to fit inside the cell

A

supercoiled

50
Q

Contains all the information needed for cell growth and replication

A

Chromosome

51
Q

One gene equals _____

A

One polypeptide

52
Q

Are self replicating extrachromosomal dsDNA molecules

A

Plasmids

53
Q

This multiplies independent of the host cell. Not essential for bacterial growth, so they can be gained or lost. What is this?

A

Plasmids

54
Q

Plasmids are located in the _____ of the cell and are self-replicating and passed to daughter cells, similar to chromosomal DNA

A

Cytoplasm

55
Q

Plasmids may sometimes be passed (nonsexually) from one bacterial species to another through _____

A

Conjugation

56
Q

Pieces of DNA that are mobile and may jump from one place in the chromosome to another place

A

Jumping Gene

57
Q

Simplest mobile piece of DNA is an _____

A

Insertion Sequence (IS) Element

58
Q

The main effect of IS elements in bacteria is that when an IS element inserts itself into the middle of a gene, it _____ and _____ the gene

A

Disrupts
Inactivates

59
Q

Related mobile elements that contain additional genes

A

Transposons

60
Q

Changes that occur in the DNA code and often result in a change in the coded protein or in the prevention of its synthesis

A

Mutations

61
Q

Mutations may be the result of a change in one nucleotide base, _____, that leads to a change in a single amino acid within a protein

A

Point Mutation

62
Q

Mutations may be the result of insertions or deletions in the genome that lead to disruption of the gene or a _____ or both

A

Frameshift Mutation

63
Q

Type of Mutation that occur in bacteria at a rate of about 1 in 10^9 cells

A

Spontaneous Mutation

64
Q

List down the Physical Agents of Mutagens:

A

● UV rays
● Ionizing radiation
● Visible light
● Heat

65
Q

List down the Chemical Agents of Mutagens:

A

● Alkylating agents
● Cridine dyes
● 5-Bromouracil
● 2-aminopurine
● Nitrous acid

66
Q

A method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous (similar) regions on two DNA molecules, forming new combinations of genes on a chromosome

A

Genetic Recombination

67
Q

This method provides a way for organisms to obtain new combinations of biochemical pathways and adapt to changes in environment

A

Genetic Recombination

68
Q

List down the Mechanisms of Gene Transfer:

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
69
Q

Identify the Mechanism of Gene Transfer based on the description given below:

● Uptake and incorporation of free or naked DNA into a bacterial cell
● Can be incorporated into the bacterial genome by recombination

A

Transformation

70
Q

Cells that take up naked DNA are referred to as being _____

A

Competent

71
Q

Transformation of genes from one bacterium to another results in:

A
  1. Change in pathogenicity of the bacterium
  2. Change in antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterium
72
Q

The frequency of Transformation is (high or low)?

A

Low

73
Q

Bacteria can be made competent in the laboratory, and _____ is the main method used to introduce genetically manipulated plasmids into bacteria,

A

Transformation

74
Q

Identify the Mechanism of Gene Transfer based on the description given below:

● Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another. Bacteriophage consists of a chromosome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat

A

Transduction

75
Q

In some instances, the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA; this state is known as _____, and the phage is referred to as being template

A

Lysogeny

76
Q

In some instances, the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA; this state is known as lysogeny, and the phage is referred to as being _____

A

Template

77
Q

Identify the Mechanism of Gene Transfer based on the description given below:

● Transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain

A

Conjugation

78
Q

The Ribosome reads how many nucleotide bases at a time?

A

3 Nucleotide Bases

79
Q

Mating Bridge

A

Sex Pili

80
Q

Identify if Lytic Cycle of Lysogenic Cycle:

o The phage DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome and becomes replicated
together with the bacterial DNA during cell division.
o When triggered by certain conditions, the phage DNA becomes activated and excised from the bacterial genome.
o It will then enter the next stage in which newly assembled phage particles carry the genes of
the host DNA

A

Lysogenic Cycle

80
Q

Identify if Lytic Cycle of Lysogenic Cycle:

o Phages attached to and incorporate their DNA into bacterial cells.
o This DNA then directs the host machineries to produce more phage DNA and protein coat which will then be assembled into new phage
particles.
o The bacterial cell then lyses, releasing the articles that are now ready to infect new hosts.
o When a phase particle injects its DNA to a host cell, it may proceed to an alternate pathway

A

Lytic Pathway

80
Q

Phages under the lysogenic pathway are referred to as _____

A

Being temperate

80
Q

The donor strain produces a hollow surface appendage called a _____, which binds to the recipient F− cell and brings the two cells in close
contact.

A

Sex or conjugation pilus

80
Q

Each _____ is connected to one another in a chain which makes up the strand

A

Nucleotide

80
Q

Purine consist of a fused ring of _____ and _____

A

Nine Carbon Atoms
Nitrogen

80
Q

Pyrimidine consist of a _____ of six carbon atoms and nitrogen

A

Single ring

80
Q

Transcription is the synthesis of _____, by the enzyme RNA polymerase, using one strand of the DNA as a template.

A

ssRNA

80
Q

Acts as a handrails of the staircase

A

Phosphate Group and Pentose Sugar

80
Q

Pyrimidine consist of a single ring of _____ and _____

A

Six Carbon Atoms
Nitrogen

80
Q

Purine consist of a _____ of nine carbon atoms and nitrogen

A

Fused ring

80
Q

Nucleotide is formed when the 5′ carbon of the sugar and one of the
nitrogenous bases attaches to the _____

A

1′ carbon of the pentose sugar

80
Q

Nucleotide is formed when _____ and _____ attaches to the 1′ carbon of the
pentose sugar

A

5’ carbon of sugar
One of the nitrogenous bases

80
Q

Replication is the duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a _____

A

Daughter cell

80
Q

In the middle of the whole DNA structure are the _____

A

Complementary Base Pairs

80
Q

The _____ are interpreted by the
ribosome as the instruction to produce a protein

A

Amino acids

80
Q

_____ are those that involve the
insertion or deletion of genetic elements in the genome, disrupting the gene and affecting the protein.

A

Frameshift mutations

80
Q

_____ are changes that occur in the
DNA with no seeming consequence to the protein product.

A

Silent mutations

80
Q

_____ are bacterial DNA that is separate from the bacterial chromosome.

A

Plasmids

80
Q

The amino acids are interpreted by the _____ as the instruction to produce a protein

A

Ribosome

80
Q

Incomplete, inactive proteins are often the result of _____

A

Frameshift mutations

80
Q

A process of genetic transfer
between cells through a sex pilus.

A

Conjugation

80
Q

_____ consists of a chromosome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.

A

Bacteriophage

80
Q

Protein expression also refers to _____

A

Synthesis of a protein

80
Q

Information contained in DNA is determined primarily by _____

A

The sequence of letters along the “staircase”

80
Q

The two complementary sugar phosphate strands run in _____

A

Opposite

80
Q

What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?

A

A phosphate group
A cyclic five-carbon pentose sugar
A nitrogen-containing base

80
Q

The totality of the DNA contained in the chromosome.

A

Genome

80
Q

Proteins are polypeptides composed of _____

A

Amino acids

80
Q

Conjugation is a process of genetic transfer between cells through a _____

A

Sex pilus

80
Q

Spontaneous mutations occur in bacteria at a rate of about _____

A

1 in 10^9 cells

80
Q

Transformation Can be incorporated into the bacterial genome by _____

A

Recombination

80
Q

The donor strain (F+) possesses a fertility factor (F factor) on a plasmid that carries the genes for _____

A

Conjugative transfer

80
Q

The _____ possesses a fertility factor (F factor) on a plasmid that carries the genes for conjugative transfer

A

Donor strain (F+)

80
Q

The F factor enables the donor strain to produce a _____ that enables it to connect with the recipient strain

A

Sex pilus

80
Q

ssRNA means _____

A

Single Stranded RNA

80
Q

Plasmids replicate independently from the chromosome and may be transferred to daughter cells during _____

A

Binary fission

80
Q

Transposons often carry drug-resistance genes and are
usually located in _____

A

Plasmids

80
Q

_____ is the process of making numerous copies of a piece of DNA

A

DNA Cloning

80
Q

The donor strain (F+) possesses _____ on a plasmid that carries the genes for conjugative transfer

A

Fertility factor

Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) (17 decks)

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