(Lecture) Bacterial Genetics Flashcards
1
Q
DNA was first discovered by _____ in 1869
A
Frederick Miescher
2
Q
DNA was first discovered by Frederick Miescher in _____
A
1869
3
Q
It was _____ when Phoebus A. T. Levine discovered that DNA contained phosphates, five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and nitrogen-containing bases
A
1920s
4
Q
Year 1920 when _____ discovered that DNA contained phosphates, five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and nitrogen-containing bases
A
Phoebus A. T. Levine
5
Q
Year 1920 when Phoebus A.T. Levine discovered that DNA contained _____, _____, and _____
A
Phosphates, Five-carbon sugars (cyclic pentose), and Nitrogen-containing bases
6
Q
_____ discovered the helical structure by x-ray crystallography
A
Rosalind Franklin
7
Q
Rosalind Franklin discovered the _____
A
Helical structure by x-ray crystallography
8
Q
_____ and _____ described the three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule in the 1950s
A
James Watson and Francis Crick
9
Q
James Watson and Francis Crick, who described the _____ in the 1950s
A
Three-dimensional structure of the DNA molecule
10
Q
A double helical chain of deoxynucleotides
A
DNA
11
Q
_____ is a double strand twisted together, which many scientists refer to as a “spiral staircase” (resembling the handrail, sides, and steps of a spiral staircase)
A
Helix
12
Q
The helix is a double strand twisted together, which many scientists refer to as a _____
A
Spiral Staircase
13
Q
Consists of a fused ring on nine carbon atoms and nitrogen
A
Purine
14
Q
What are the two purines?
A
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
15
Q
Consists of a single ring of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen
A
Pyrimidine
16
Q
What are the three pyrimidine?
A
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)
17
Q
This is formed when the 5’ carbon of the sugar and one of the nitrogenous bases attaches to the 1’ carbon of the pentose sugar
A
Nucleotide
18
Q
Basic building blocks of DNA
A
Nucleotide
19
Q
_____ attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and the OH group is attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar
A
Phosphate
20
Q
Phosphate attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and the _____ is attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar
A
OH group
21
Q
Phosphate attaches to the _____ carbon of the sugar, and the OH group is attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar
A
5’
22
Q
Phosphate attaches to the 5’ carbon of the sugar, and the OH group is attached to the _____ carbon of the sugar
A
3’
23
Q
Bases are held together by _____ that keeps the structure stable
A
Hydrogen bonds
24
Q
The sequence _____ represents different information than the sequence AGTCC
A
ACGCT
25
The sequence ACGCT represents different information than the sequence _____
AGTCC
26
In RNA, the nitrogenous base _____ is replaced by uracil
Thymine
27
In RNA, the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by _____
Uracil
28
Single-stranded and short, not double stranded and long, and contains the sugar _____
Ribose
29
Human beings are 99.9% (identical or not identical)?
Identical
30
Means of amplifying specific DNA sequences and detecting very small numbers of bacteria present in a specimen
Polymerase Chain Reaction Technique
31
Circumvent the need to culture bacteria
Genetic Tests
32
Necessary to understand the development and transfer of antimicrobial resistance by bacteria
Genetic Test
33
Genes are _____, expressed only under certain conditions
Silent Genes
34
Genes that are always expressed are _____
Constitutive
35
Genes that are expressed only under certain conditions are _____
Inducible
36
This is the duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a daughter cell
Replication
37
The synthesis of ssRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase, using one strand of the DNA as a template
Transcription
38
The actual synthesis of a specific protein from the mRNA code
Translation
39
_____ also refers to the synthesis of a protein
Protein Expression
40
_____ are polypeptides composed of amino acids
Proteins
41
A group of three nucleotides in an mRNA molecule that signifies of a specific amino acid
Codon
42
Codon is a group of _____ in an mRNA molecule that signifies of a specific amino acid
Three nucleotides
43
Codon is a group of three nucleotides in an _____ that signifies of a specific amino acid
mRNA molecule
44
The triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the mRNA
Anticodon
45
Anticodon is the triplet of bases on the _____ that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the mRNA
tRNA
46
Anticodon is the triplet of bases on the tRNA that bind the triplet of bases (codon) on the _____
mRNA
47
They consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell
Bacterial Chromosome (Genome)
48
Bacterial Chromosome (Genome) consists of a single, closed, circular piece of _____ that is supercoiled to fit inside the cell
dsDNA
49
Bacterial Chromosome (Genome) consists of a single, closed, circular piece of dsDNA that is _____ to fit inside the cell
supercoiled
50
Contains all the information needed for cell growth and replication
Chromosome
51
One gene equals _____
One polypeptide
52
Are self replicating extrachromosomal dsDNA molecules
Plasmids
53
This multiplies independent of the host cell. Not essential for bacterial growth, so they can be gained or lost. What is this?
Plasmids
54
Plasmids are located in the _____ of the cell and are self-replicating and passed to daughter cells, similar to chromosomal DNA
Cytoplasm
55
Plasmids may sometimes be passed (nonsexually) from one bacterial species to another through _____
Conjugation
56
Pieces of DNA that are mobile and may jump from one place in the chromosome to another place
Jumping Gene
57
Simplest mobile piece of DNA is an _____
Insertion Sequence (IS) Element
58
The main effect of IS elements in bacteria is that when an IS element inserts itself into the middle of a gene, it _____ and _____ the gene
Disrupts
Inactivates
59
Related mobile elements that contain additional genes
Transposons
60
Changes that occur in the DNA code and often result in a change in the coded protein or in the prevention of its synthesis
Mutations
61
Mutations may be the result of a change in one nucleotide base, _____, that leads to a change in a single amino acid within a protein
Point Mutation
62
Mutations may be the result of insertions or deletions in the genome that lead to disruption of the gene or a _____ or both
Frameshift Mutation
63
Type of Mutation that occur in bacteria at a rate of about 1 in 10^9 cells
Spontaneous Mutation
64
List down the Physical Agents of Mutagens:
● UV rays
● Ionizing radiation
● Visible light
● Heat
65
List down the Chemical Agents of Mutagens:
● Alkylating agents
● Cridine dyes
● 5-Bromouracil
● 2-aminopurine
● Nitrous acid
66
A method by which genes are transferred or exchanged between homologous (similar) regions on two DNA molecules, forming new combinations of genes on a chromosome
Genetic Recombination
67
This method provides a way for organisms to obtain new combinations of biochemical pathways and adapt to changes in environment
Genetic Recombination
68
List down the Mechanisms of Gene Transfer:
1. Transformation
2. Transduction
3. Conjugation
69
Identify the Mechanism of Gene Transfer based on the description given below:
● Uptake and incorporation of free or naked DNA into a bacterial cell
● Can be incorporated into the bacterial genome by recombination
Transformation
70
Cells that take up naked DNA are referred to as being _____
Competent
71
Transformation of genes from one bacterium to another results in:
1. Change in pathogenicity of the bacterium
2. Change in antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacterium
72
The frequency of Transformation is (high or low)?
Low
73
Bacteria can be made competent in the laboratory, and _____ is the main method used to introduce genetically manipulated plasmids into bacteria,
Transformation
74
Identify the Mechanism of Gene Transfer based on the description given below:
● Transfer of bacterial genes by a bacteriophage from one cell to another. Bacteriophage consists of a chromosome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat
Transduction
75
In some instances, the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA; this state is known as _____, and the phage is referred to as being template
Lysogeny
76
In some instances, the phage DNA instead becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome, where it is replicated along with the bacterial chromosomal DNA; this state is known as lysogeny, and the phage is referred to as being _____
Template
77
Identify the Mechanism of Gene Transfer based on the description given below:
● Transfer of genetic material from a donor bacterial strain to a recipient strain
Conjugation
78
The Ribosome reads how many nucleotide bases at a time?
3 Nucleotide Bases
79
Mating Bridge
Sex Pili
80
Identify if Lytic Cycle of Lysogenic Cycle:
o The phage DNA becomes incorporated into the bacterial genome and becomes replicated
together with the bacterial DNA during cell division.
o When triggered by certain conditions, the phage DNA becomes activated and excised from the bacterial genome.
o It will then enter the next stage in which newly assembled phage particles carry the genes of
the host DNA
Lysogenic Cycle
80
Identify if Lytic Cycle of Lysogenic Cycle:
o Phages attached to and incorporate their DNA into bacterial cells.
o This DNA then directs the host machineries to produce more phage DNA and protein coat which will then be assembled into new phage
particles.
o The bacterial cell then lyses, releasing the articles that are now ready to infect new hosts.
o When a phase particle injects its DNA to a host cell, it may proceed to an alternate pathway
Lytic Pathway
80
Phages under the lysogenic pathway are referred to as _____
Being temperate
80
The donor strain produces a hollow surface appendage called a _____, which binds to the recipient F− cell and brings the two cells in close
contact.
Sex or conjugation pilus
80
Each _____ is connected to one another in a chain which makes up the strand
Nucleotide
80
Purine consist of a fused ring of _____ and _____
Nine Carbon Atoms
Nitrogen
80
Pyrimidine consist of a _____ of six carbon atoms and nitrogen
Single ring
80
Transcription is the synthesis of _____, by the enzyme RNA polymerase, using one strand of the DNA as a template.
ssRNA
80
Acts as a handrails of the staircase
Phosphate Group and Pentose Sugar
80
Pyrimidine consist of a single ring of _____ and _____
Six Carbon Atoms
Nitrogen
80
Purine consist of a _____ of nine carbon atoms and nitrogen
Fused ring
80
Nucleotide is formed when the 5′ carbon of the sugar and one of the
nitrogenous bases attaches to the _____
1′ carbon of the pentose sugar
80
Nucleotide is formed when _____ and _____ attaches to the 1′ carbon of the
pentose sugar
5' carbon of sugar
One of the nitrogenous bases
80
Replication is the duplication of chromosomal DNA for insertion into a _____
Daughter cell
80
In the middle of the whole DNA structure are the _____
Complementary Base Pairs
80
The _____ are interpreted by the
ribosome as the instruction to produce a protein
Amino acids
80
_____ are those that involve the
insertion or deletion of genetic elements in the genome, disrupting the gene and affecting the protein.
Frameshift mutations
80
_____ are changes that occur in the
DNA with no seeming consequence to the protein product.
Silent mutations
80
_____ are bacterial DNA that is separate from the bacterial chromosome.
Plasmids
80
The amino acids are interpreted by the _____ as the instruction to produce a protein
Ribosome
80
Incomplete, inactive proteins are often the result of _____
Frameshift mutations
80
A process of genetic transfer
between cells through a sex pilus.
Conjugation
80
_____ consists of a chromosome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
Bacteriophage
80
Protein expression also refers to _____
Synthesis of a protein
80
Information contained in DNA is determined primarily by _____
The sequence of letters along the "staircase"
80
The two complementary sugar phosphate strands run in _____
Opposite
80
What are the three basic components of a nucleotide?
A phosphate group
A cyclic five-carbon pentose sugar
A nitrogen-containing base
80
The totality of the DNA contained in the chromosome.
Genome
80
Proteins are polypeptides composed of _____
Amino acids
80
Conjugation is a process of genetic transfer between cells through a _____
Sex pilus
80
Spontaneous mutations occur in bacteria at a rate of about _____
1 in 10^9 cells
80
Transformation Can be incorporated into the bacterial genome by _____
Recombination
80
The donor strain (F+) possesses a fertility factor (F factor) on a plasmid that carries the genes for _____
Conjugative transfer
80
The _____ possesses a fertility factor (F factor) on a plasmid that carries the genes for conjugative transfer
Donor strain (F+)
80
The F factor enables the donor strain to produce a _____ that enables it to connect with the recipient strain
Sex pilus
80
ssRNA means _____
Single Stranded RNA
80
Plasmids replicate independently from the chromosome and may be transferred to daughter cells during _____
Binary fission
80
Transposons often carry drug-resistance genes and are
usually located in _____
Plasmids
80
_____ is the process of making numerous copies of a piece of DNA
DNA Cloning
80
The donor strain (F+) possesses _____ on a plasmid that carries the genes for conjugative transfer
Fertility factor
