(Lecture) Infection Flashcards
1
Q
Saphrophytes came from the Greek words _____ which means decayed and _____ which means plant
A
Sapros
Phyton
2
Q
Saphrophytes came from the Greek words “sapros” which means _____ and “phyton” which means _____
A
Decayed
Plant
3
Q
Free-living microbes that live on dead or decaying organic matter.
A
Saprophytes
4
Q
Saprophytes are found in _____ and _____
A
Soil
Water
5
Q
Are the microorganisms that live in complete harmony with the host without causing any damage to it.
A
Commensals
6
Q
Pathogens came from the Greek words _____ which means disease and _____ which means to produce
A
Pathos
Gen
7
Q
Pathogens came from the Greek words “pathos” which means _____ and “gen” which means _____
A
Disease
To produce
8
Q
Are the microorganisms or agents, which are capable of producing disease in the host.
A
Pathogens
9
Q
Pathogens’ ability to cause disease is called _____
A
Pathogenicity
10
Q
The degree or level of pathogenicity of a microorganism is called _____
A
Virulence
11
Q
Types of Pathogens:
A
o Primary (frank) Pathogens
o Opportunist Pathogens
12
Q
Are the organisms, which are capable of producing disease in previously healthy individuals with intact immunological defenses.
A
Primary (frank) Pathogens
13
Q
Rarely cause disease in individuals with intact immunological and anatomical defenses; able to cause disease only when such defenses are impaired or compromised.
A
Opportunist Pathogens
14
Q
Defined as the bodily invasion of microorganisms which involve replication of the agent within the host.
A
Infection
15
Q
The lodgment and multiplication of an agent on the tissues of a host constitute infection.
A
Infection
16
Q
2 Classifications of Infections
A
Primary Infection
Reinfections
17
Q
Initial infection of an organisms in
the host
A
Primary Infection
18
Q
Subsequent infections by the same
organism in the host
A
Reinfections
19
Q
When a new agent sets up an infection in a host whose resistance is lowered by a preexisting infectious disease
A
Secondary Infection
20
Q
An infection that is confined in one area
or part of the body.
A
Local Infection
21
Q
A Type of Infection on which the microbes have spread throughout the body through the blood or lymph
A
Systemic Infection
22
Q
Cross-infections occurring in
hospitals
A
Nosocomial Infections
23
Q
Nosocomial Infections came from the Greek word _____
A
Nosocomion Hospital
24
Q
Refers to physician induced infections resulting from investigative, therapeutic or other procedures.
A
Iatrogenic Infection
25
A Type of Infection where
clinical effects are not apparent.
Inapparent Infection
26
This Type of Infection is often used as a synonym to inapparent infection
Subclinical Infection
27
A Type of Infection in which the typical or characteristic clinical manifestations of the particular infectious disease are not present.
Atypical Infection
28
A Type of Infection in which some organisms, following infection, may remain in the tissues in a latent or hidden form proliferating and producing clinical disease when the host resistance is lowered.
Latent Infection
29
Human source infections are transmitted through:
o Airborne transmission
o Direct contact
o Through infected materials (Fomites)
30
Humans serving as the microbial reservoir:
o Acquisition of “strep” throat through touching
o Hepatitis by blood transfusions
o Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and AIDS by sexual contact
o Tuberculosis by coughing; and the common cold through sneezing.
31
_____ is a person who harbors the microorganisms without suffering from any ill effect because of it.
Carrier
32
Types of Carrier:
Convalescent Carrier
Healthy Carrier
Incubatory Carrier
Temporary Carrier
Chronic Carrier
Contact Carrier
Paradoxical Carrier
33
An individual who has recovered from the infectious disease but continues to harbor large numbers of pathogen.
Convalescent Carrier
34
An individual who harbors the pathogen but is not ill.
Healthy Carrier
35
An individual who is incubating the pathogen in large numbers but is not yet ill.
Incubatory Carrier
36
Convalescent, healthy, and incubatory carriers may harbor the pathogen for only a brief period (hours, days, or weeks) and lasts less than six months.
Temporary Carrier
37
They harbor the pathogen for long periods (months, years, or life).
Chronic Carrier
38
Applied to a person who acquires the pathogen from a patient.
Contact Carrier
39
A carrier who acquires the pathogens from another carrier.
Paradoxical Carrier
40
Many pathogens are capable of causing infections in both human beings and animals. Therefore, animals may act as a source of infection of such organisms. These, animals serve to maintain the parasite in nature and act as reservoir and they are, therefore, called _____
Reservoir Hosts
41
The diseases and infections, which are transmissible to man from animals are called _____
Zoonosis
42
Example of Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Q fever
Leptospirosis
Bovine tuberculosis
Bubonic plague
Salmonella food poisoning
43
Example of Viral Zoonotic Diseases
Rabies
Yellow fever
Cowpox
Monkeypox
44
Example of Protozoal Zoonotic Diseases
Leishmaniasis Toxoplasmosis
Trypano-somiasis Babesiosis
45
Example of Helminthic Zoonotic Diseases
Echinococcosis
Taeniasis
Trichinellosis
46
Example of Fungal Zoonotic Diseases
Microsporum canis Trichophyton verru-cosum
47
Blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitos, ticks, mites, flies, and lice may transmit
pathogens to human beings and diseases so caused are called _____
Arthropod-borne Diseases
48
Besides acting as vectors, some insects may also act as reservoir hosts (for example, ticks in relapsing fever and spotted fever). They are classified as _____
Reservoir Hosts
49
Insects that transmit infections
Vectors
50
Types of Vectors
1. Mechanical Vector (External)
2. Biological Vector (Internal)
51
The disease agent is transmitted mechanically by the arthropod. Examples: Transmission of diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, food poisoning and trachoma by the house fly.
Mechanical Vector
52
Those in whom the pathogens multiply sufficiently or has undergone a developmental cycle. The interval between the time of entry of the pathogen into the vector and the vector becoming infective is called the extrinsic incubation period.
Examples: Aedes aegypti mosquito in yellow fever and Anopheles mosquito in malaria.
Biological Vectors
53
Examples of Mechanical Vector:
Transmission of diarrhea, Dysentery
Typhoid
Food poisoning
Trachoma by the house fly
54
The interval between the time of entry of the pathogen into the vector
and the vector becoming infective is called the _____
Extrinsic Incubation Period
55
Examples of Biological Vector
Aedes aegypti mosquito in
yellow fever
Anopheles mosquito in
malaria
56
Examples of pathogens that can survive in Soil
Spores of tetanus and gangrene
Fungi and parasites
57
Types of Contact Mode of Transmission
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
58
Diseases that can be transmitted through Direct Contact includes:
Syphilis
Gonorrhea
Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Lymphogranuloma Inguinale
Trichomoniasis
Herpes
Simplex type 2
Hepatitis B
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
59
Indirect contact may be through the agency of _____, which are inanimate objects, such as clothing, pencils or toys which may be contaminated by a pathogen from one person and act as a vehicle for its transmission to another.
Fomites
60
Fine particles that are produced when respiratory secretions are aerosolized through sneezing and coughing.
Droplet nuclei
61
Disease transmitted by water and food includes:
Acute diarrheas
Typhoid fever
Cholera
Polio
Hepatitis A
Food poisoning
Intestinal parasites
62
Defined as an arthropod or any living carrier (e.g. snail) that transports an infectious agent to a susceptible individual.
Vector
63
Some pathogens are able to cross the placental barrier and reach the fetus in uterus. This is called _____
Vertical Transmission
64
Example of Vertical Transmission
So-called TORCH agents (Toxoplasma gondii, Rubella virus, Cytomegalovirus and Herpes virus), Varicella virus, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, Coxsackie B, and AIDS.
65
If meticulous care in asepsis is not taken, infections like AIDS and hepatitis B may sometimes be transmitted during _____, _____, and _____
Administration of injections
Lumber Puncture
Catheterization
66
If meticulous care in asepsis is not taken, infections like _____ and _____ may sometimes be transmitted during administration of injections, lumber puncture, and catheterization.
AIDS
Hepatitis B
67
It is the ability of a microbe to produce disease in a susceptible individual
Pathogenicity
68
Relates to the capability of an organism to cause disease to a susceptible host.
Pathogenicity
69
The relative ability of microorganism to cause disease or the degree of pathogenicity
Virulence
70
The degree or level of pathogenicity of an
organism
Virulence
71
Reduction of virulence is called _____
Attenuation
72
A process that reduces the infectivity of microorganisms can enter the body of the host
Attenuation
73
The first step of the infectious process is _____
Entry of microorganism into the host by one of several ports
74
The first step of the infectious process is the entry of microorganism into the host by one of several ports. List down the several ports as entry of microorganism.
The respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, or through skin that has been cut, punctured, or burned.
75
The initial event in the pathogenesis is the attachment of the bacteria to body surfaces. This attachment is not a chance event but a specific reaction between surface receptors on host cells and adhesive structures (ligands) on the surface of bacteria.
Adhesins
76
Adhesions may occur as organized structures, such as:
Fimbriae or fibrillae and pili, or as colonization factors
77
Adhesins are usually made of _____ and are _____ in nature
Protein
Antigenic
78
Signifies the ability of a pathogen to spread in the host tissues after establishing infection.
Invasiveness
79
Highly invasive pathogens characteristically produce _____ or _____
Spreading
Generalized Lesions
80
Less invasive pathogens cause _____
More localized lesions
81
Some bacteria cause disease by producing toxins, of which there are two general types:
Exotoxins
Endotoxins
82
Soluble, heat-labile proteins inactivated at 60°–80°C and diffuse readily into the surrounding medium.
Exotoxins
83
Is Exotoxins are soluble or insoluble?
Soluble
84
Is Exotoxins heat-labile or heat-stable?
Heat-labile
85
In Exotoxins, treatment with formaldehyde converts exotoxin into _____, are thus useful in preparing vaccines
Toxoids
86
In Exotoxins, Treatment with _____ converts exotoxin into toxoids, are thus useful in preparing vaccines.
Formaldehyde
87
Exotoxins are generally formed by gram- positive
bacteria but may also be produced by some gramnegative organisms such as:
Shiga’s dysentery bacillus
Cholera vibrio Enterotoxigenic E. coli.
88
These are heat-stable, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
components of the outer membranes of gram negative.
Endotoxins
89
Intravenous injections of large doses of endotoxin and massive gram-negative septicemias cause endotoxic shock marked by:
Fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia,
significant fall in blood pressure, circulatory collapse and bloody diarrhea leading to death
90
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Proteins
Exotoxins
91
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Heat-labile (inactivated at 60 degrees to 80 degrees Celsius)
Exotoxins
92
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Actively secreted by cells; diffuse into the surrounding medium
Exotoxins
93
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Readily separable from cultures by physical means, such as filtration
Exotoxins
94
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Action often enzymatic
Exotoxins
95
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Specific phramacological effect for each exotoxin
Exotoxin
96
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Specific tissue affinities
Exotoxins
97
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Highly toxic and fatal in microgram quantities
Exotoxins
98
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Highly antigenic
Exotoxins
99
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Action specifically neutralized by antibody
Exotoxins
100
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Usually do not produce fever
Exotoxins
101
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Produced by both gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria
Exotoxins
102
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Frequently controlled by extrachromosomal genes (e.g. plasmids)
Exotoxins
103
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Disease examples - Botulism diphtheria tetanus
Exotoxins
104
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Lipopolysaccharide on outer membrane. Lipid A portion is toxic
Endotoxins
105
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Heat-stable
Endotoxins
106
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Form integral part of the cell wall; do not diffuse into surrounding medium
Endotoxins
107
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Obtained only by cell lysis
Endotoxins
108
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
No enzymatic action
Endotoxins
109
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Nonspecific action of all endotoxins
Endotoxins
110
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
No specific tissue affinities
Endotoxins
111
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Moderate toxicity. Active only in very large doses
Endotoxins
112
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Weakly antigenic
Endotoxins
113
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Neutralization by antibody ineffective
Endotoxins
114
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Usually produce fever by release of interleukin-1
Endotoxins
115
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Produced by gram-negative bacteria only
Endotoxins
116
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Synthesized directly by chromosomal genes
Endotoxins
117
Identify if Exotoxin or Endotoxin:
Gram-negative infections, meningococcemia
Endotoxins
118
Some bacteria such as _____, _____, and _____ can produce a slippery mucoid capsule that prevents the
phagocyte from effectively contacting the bacterium.
Streptococcus pneumoniae,
Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae
119
Other bacteria evade phagocytosis by producing
specialized surface proteins such as the M protein on _____
Streptococcus pyogenes
120
_____ can acquire iron from the host’s iron binding proteins.
Siderophores
121
Coagulase is produced by what bacteria?
Staphylococcus aureus
122
Thrombin-like enzyme that prevents phagocytosis by forming a fibrin barrier around the bacteria and walling off the lesion.
Coagulase
123
_____ produces lecithinase-C and collagenase promoting
spread of infection in tissue.
C. perfrinigens
124
C. perfringens
produces _____ and _____ promoting spread of infection in tissue.
Lecithinase-C
Collagenase
125
_____ split hyaluronic acid
and thus facilitate the spread of infection along tissue spaces
Hyalurodinases
126
Hyaluronidases split _____
and thus facilitate the spread of infection along tissue spaces
Hyaluronic Acid
127
An enzyme that promotes the dissolution of blood clots that keep the infection
localized, once dissolved the microbes can disseminate to other areas
Streptokinase
128
These include hemolysins capable of destroying erythrocytes and leukocidins damage
polymorphonuclear leukocytes.
Cytolysins
129
These enzymes specifically cleave immunoglobulin IgA which protects at mucosal surfaces.
IgA 1 proteases
130
Extrachromosomal DNA segments that carry genes for antibiotic resistance known as R-factors.
Plamids
131
Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA segments that carry genes for antibiotic resistance known as _____
R-factors
132
An infection that is confined in one area, however infection may be present on either the superficial layer of the tissue or deep within the tissue
Localized Infections
133
Circulation of bacteria in the blood is known as _____
Bacteremia
134
It is the condition where bacteria circulate and multiply in the blood, form toxic products and cause high, swinging type of fever.
Septicemia
135
It is a condition where pyogenic bacteria produce septicemia with multiple abscesses in internal organs, such as the spleen, liver and kidney.
Pyemia
136
The term used when there is presence of bacteria in the blood but the
microorganisms are not actively multiplying
Bacteremia
137
The condition in which the
invading bacteria in the blood presents with
active multiplication
Septicemia
138
The presence of post-inducing microorganisms in the blood that results in
localization in different parts of the body
Pyemia
139
The disease which is constantly present in a
particular area, e.g. typhoid fever is endemic in most
parts of India.
Endemic
140
The disease that spreads rapidly, involving many persons in a particular area at the same time (e.g. Meningococcal meningitis)
Epidemic
141
A sudden increase of cases of a particular disease in a given population.
Epidemic
142
It is an epidemic that spreads through many
areas of the world involving very large number of
persons within a short period, e.g. cholera, influenza and
enteroviral conjunctivitis.
Pandemic
143
A disease that affects populations across large
regions of the world.
Pandemic
