(Lecture) Historical Development, Divisions of Microbiology, and Taxonomy Flashcards
1
Q
Study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the
naked eye.
A
Microbiology
2
Q
Study of microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protists).
A
Microbiology
3
Q
Eukaryotic unicellular microscopic organisms that are not considered an animal, plant, or fungus.
A
Protists
4
Q
In clinical microbiology, the isolation and identification of microorganisms that causes diseases in humans is of _____
A
Primary Importance
5
Q
Earth was formed about _____
A
4.5 Billion Years Ago
6
Q
First _____ to _____ of Earth’s
existence – no life on this planet
A
800 Million to 1 Billion Years
7
Q
Fossils of primitive microbes (as many as 11 different
types) found in ancient rock formations in _____ to about 3.5 billion years ago
A
Northwestern Australia
8
Q
Fossils of primitive microbes (as many as 11 different types) found in ancient rock formations in northwestern Australia to about _____ ago
A
3.5 Billion Years
9
Q
_____ are some of the first living organisms that inhabited the planet way before humans did.
A
Microbes
10
Q
Animals appeared on earth – _____ and _____ million years ago
A
900
650
11
Q
First microbes on Earth
A
Archaea and Cyanobacteria
12
Q
Deals with bacteria
A
Bacteriology
13
Q
Deals with fungi
A
Mycology
14
Q
Deals with virus
A
Virology
15
Q
Deals with protozoa
A
Protozoology
16
Q
Deals with algae
A
Phycology/Algology
17
Q
Deals with parasites
A
Parasitology
18
Q
Deals with nematodes
A
Nematology
19
Q
Deals with pathogenic microbes
A
Medical Microbiology
20
Q
The focus is on organisms that cause diseases on humans and are clinically important.
A
Medical Microbiology
21
Q
This concerns the nature, distribution, pathogenesis, and treatment of microbial infection.
A
Medical Microbiology
22
Q
Study of roles of microbes in agriculture from the point of view of both harm and usefulness.
A
Agricultural Microbiology
23
Q
Study of microbes in industrial production (ex. Alcohol, Antibiotics)
A
Industrial Microbiology
24
Q
Study of food borne microbial diseases and their control
A
Food and Dairy Microbiology
25
Study of microorganisms found
in water
Aquatic Microbiology
26
Study of airborne microorganisms
Aero Microbiology
27
Study of role of microbes in maintaining the quality of environment.
Environmental Microbiology
28
Deals with the role of microbes in coal, gas, and mineral formation.
Geochemical Microbiology
29
Study of manipulation of microbes at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products (ex. Insulin)
Biotechnology
30
Deals with the study of immune
responses to organisms
Immunology
31
The focus is on the ability of the body to ward off infections caused by organisms.
Immunology
32
Those that can be found in the human body can be classified as _____ or microorganisms that are the normal inhabitants of a body region
Normal Flora
33
_____ are those that do not cause disease in healthy individuals but may cause infection in immunocompromised individuals.
Opportunistic Pathogens
34
True or False:
True pathogens can't cause disease in all of its susceptible host.
False:
True pathogens CAUSE disease in all of its susceptible host.
35
_____ cause disease in all of its
susceptible host.
True Pathogens
36
Main roles of a Diagnostic or Clinical Microbiologist:
- Isolate
- Identify
- Analyze
37
Knowledge of Microbial Structure and Physiology is extremely important to Clinical Microbiologist in 3 areas. What are those 3 areas?
1. Culture of organisms from patient specimens
2. Classification and identification of organisms after they have been isolated
3. Prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
38
Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
39
Contribution of Leeuwenhoek:
1. Constructed the first microscope.
2. First person to observe microorganisms (1673).
3. Provided accurate description of bacteria.
40
Who is this?
Father of Medicine, observed that ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water, climate, food, nature of soil, and habits of people.
Hippocrates
41
Who is this?
Disease was caused by animated particles invisible to naked eyes but which were carried in the air through the mouth and nose into the body.
Varro
42
Who is this?
Agents of communicable disease were living germs that could be transmitted by direct contact with humans and animals, and indirectly by objects; but no proof because of lacking experimental evidence.
Fracastorius
43
Who is this?
Postulated that invisible living creatures produce disease.
Roger Bacon
44
Who is this?
Finding minute worms in the blood of plague victims, but with the equipment available to him, it is more likely that what he observed were only blood cells.
Kircher
45
Living things originated from non-living things
Theory of Spontaneous Generation
46
Founder of Theory of Spontaneous Generation
Aristotle
47
Observed spontaneous existence of fishes from dried ponds, when the pond was filled with rain.
Aristotle
48
Who is this?
In 1745, published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids.
John Needman
49
John Needman, in _____, published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids
1745
50
Opposed this view who boiled beef broth for an hour, sealed the flasks, and observed no formation of microbes.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
51
Attempted to counter such arguments.
Franz Schulze
Theodore Schwann
George Friedrich Schroder
Theodor von Dusch
52
In 1877, proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions
John Tyndall
53
John Tyndall, in _____, proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions
1877
54
Intermittent heating is also known as _____
Tyndallization
55
A process where heat-stable form and a heat-sensitive forms of bacteria are killed
Intermittent Heating or Tyndallization
56
First tried to set an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation / life comes from pre-existing life
Francisco Redi
57
Disproved the Theory of Abiogenesis
Louis Pasteur
58
Louis Pasteur designed a large curved flask, also known as _____
Pasteur Gooseneck Flask
59
Who is this?
Designed a large curved flask and placed a sterile growth broth medium. Air freely moved through the tube; but dust particles were trapped in the curved portion of flask.
Louis Pasteur
60
In the large curved flask that Pasteur designed, is the microbial growth in broth seen or was not seen?
Was not seen
61
Major contributions of Louis Pasteur:
1. Microbial theory of fermentation
2. Principles and practice of sterilization and pasteurization
3. Control of disease of silkworms
4. Development of vaccines against anthrax and rabies
5. Discovery of streptococci
62
Germ Theory of Disease depended on the work of a German scientist named _____
Robert Koch
63
Koch’s postulates serves as the proof of _____
Germ Theory of Disease
64
Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates:
1. Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
2. Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro (in the laboratory) in artificial media
3. Many species are species-specific.
4. Certain diseases develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades immunocompromised host.
65
Developed a diphtheria antitoxin
Emil A von Behring
66
Discovered transmitted how malaria is transmitted
Ronald Ross
67
* Tuberculosis – Discovery of
causative agent
* Component of the Germ Theory
Robert Koch
68
Discovery of Malaria parasite in an unstained preparation of fresh blood
CLA Laveron
69
* Developed theories on immunity
* Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells
Paul Ehrlich and Elie
Metchnikoff
70
Anaphylaxis
Charles Richet
71
Discovered roles of complement and antibody in cytolysis, developed complement fixation test
Jules Bordet
72
Typhus exanthematicus
Charles Nicolle
73
* Described ABO blood groups; solidified chemical basis for antigen-antibody reactions
* Also provided basis for immunologic reactions
Karl Landsteiner
74
Antibacterial effect of prontosil
Gerhardt Domagk
75
Discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and
Howard Florey
76
Known for his accidental discovery of penicillin produced by Pennicilium notatum
Alexander Fleming
77
Yellow fever vaccine
Max Theiler
78
* Development of streptomycin and neomycin
* Coined the term “antibiotic.”
Selman A Waksman
79
Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures
John F. Enders, Thomas H Weller, and Frederick C Robbins
80
Immunological tolerance clonal
selection theory
Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Sir Peter Brian Medawar
81
Double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
James D Watson, Frances HC Crick, and Maurice AF Wilkins
82
Viral Oncogenes (Avian sarcoma)
Peyton Ross
83
Genetic Code
Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W Nirenberg
84
Mechanism of virus infection in
the living cells
Max Delbruck, AD Hershey, and Salvador Luria
85
Described the nature and
structure of antibodies
Gerald M Edelman and Rodney R Porter
86
Interactions between tumor viruses and genetic materials of the cells
David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M Temin
87
Developed inmmunoassay
Rosalyn Yalow
88
HLA antigens
Baruj Benecerraf, Jean Dausset, and George Snell
89
Developed hybridoma technology
for production of monoclonal
antibodies
Cesar Milstein, Georges Kohler Neils
Jerne
90
* Described the genetics of antibody production
* Described the involvement of genes in the production of antibody against foreign substances
Susumu Tonegawa
91
Discovered cancer-causing genes called oncogenes
J Micahel Bishop and Harold E Varmus
92
Performed the first successful organ transplants by using immunosuppressive agents.
Joseph E Murray and E Donnall Thomas
93
Discovered the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA
Kary B Mullis
94
Cell-mediated immune defenses
Peter C Dohery and Rolf M Zinkernagel
95
Prion discovery
Stanley B Prusiner
96
Discovered genes that encode proteins regulating cell division
Leland H Hartwell, Paul M Nurse, and R Timothy Hunt
97
Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease
Barry J Marshall and J Robin Warren
98
Creation of knockout mice for stem cell research
Mario R Capecchi, Oliver Smithies and Sir Martin J Evans
99
Discovery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Luc Montagnier and Francoise BarreSinoussi
100
Known for his discovery of the immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS
Luc Montagnier
101
Human papillomavirus causing cervical cancer
Harald zur Hausen
102
* Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity
* Discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in active immunity.
Bruce A, Beutler and Jules A Hoffmann Ralph M Steinman
103
Taxonomy is derived from the Greek words _____ which means "arrangement" and _____ which means "law"
Taxes
Nomos
104
"Taxes" means _____ and "Nomos" means _____
Arrangement
Law
105
It is the orderly classification and groupings of organisms into categories
Taxonomy
106
Taxonomy involves 3 structures, interrelated categories which are the:
1. Classification
2. Nomenclature
3. Identification
107
Genetic makeup of an organism, or combinations of forms of one or a few genes under scrutiny in an organism’s genome.
Genotype
108
Readily observable physical and functional features of an organism expressed by its genotype.
Phenotype
109
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
Base sequencing of DNA or RNA
Genotype
110
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
DNA base composition ratio to measure the degree of relatedness
Genotype
111
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
Macroscopic (colony morphology on media)
Phenotype
112
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
Microscopic (size, shape, arrangement into groups or chains of organisms) morphology
Phenotype
113
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
Staining characteristics (gram-positive or gramnegative)
Phenotype
114
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
Nutritional requirements
Phenotype
115
Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:
Physiologic and biochemical characteristics
Phenotype
116
There are three domains which are the most inclusive and largest of all the taxons. These domains are the:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
117
Eukaryotic organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, humans, and protists belong under the
domain _____
Eukarya
118
_____ are placed either in the domain Bacteria or Archaea
Bacteria
119
“The Father of Biological Classification”
Aristotle
120
Classified the animals into animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live in water and animals that love on land or in air.
Aristotle
121
French Naturalist
Carolus Linnaeus
122
Carolus Linnaeus divided living things into two kingdoms. What are the two kingdoms?
Plantae
Animalia
123
Often called “The Father of Taxonomy”
Carolus Linnaeus
124
Carolus Linnaeus further arranged classification categories as:
Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species
125
Invented binomial nomenclature
Carolus Linnaeus
126
Proposed a three kingdom classification in 1894
Ernst Haeckel
127
Ernst Haeckel proposed a three kingdom classification. What are the three kingdom classification?
Plantae
Animalia
Protista
128
Proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure, mode, and source of nutrition and body organization
Robert Wittaker
129
Robert Wittaker proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure, mode, and source of nutrition and body organization. What are the five kingdom classification?
Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
130
In 1990, he modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life: Eukarya domain, Bacteria domain, and Archaea domain
Carl Woese
131
Family is similar to _____
Human Clan
132
Genus (Genera) is equivalent to _____
Human Last Name
133
Species Epithet is equivalent to _____
Human First Name
134
Staphylococcus aureus
Identify the Family, Genus, and the Species Epithet in the mentioned bacteria.
Family: Micrococcacceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species Epithet: aureus
135
Equivalent to a breed or subspecies among plants or animals.
Strain
136
The level below the species
Strain
137
Sublevel below the species taxa
Strain
138
This is given when an isolated organism from one source has minor difference in characteristics with another organism of the same species that is obtained from another source
Strain
139
Useful technique in classifying organisms based on known criteria.
Dichotomous Key
140
Means of assigning an organism to a specific taxonomic category typically involves the use of specific criteria that may posed as questions
Dichotomous Key
141
Is the Family Name's first letter capitalized or on lowercase?
Capitalized
142
Usual ending of a Family Name
"-aceae"
143
Is the Genus Name's first letter capitalized or on lowercase?
Capitalized
144
Is the Species Epithet's first letter capitalized or on lowercase?
Lowercase Letter
145
Both the Genus and the Species should be _____ in print
Italicized
146
Both the Genus and the Species should be _____ when written in script
Underlined
147
Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:
Based on phenotypic differences
Subspecies
148
Subspecies is abbreviated as _____
"subsp."
149
Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:
Based on serologic differences (antigenic properties)
Serovarieties
150
Serovarieties are abbreviated as _____
"serovar"
151
Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:
Based on biochemical or physiological test result differences
Biovarieties
152
Biovarieties are abbreviated as _____
"biovar"
153
Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:
Based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages
Phage Typing
154
List down the Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics
1. Subspecies
2. Serovarieties
3. Biovarieties
4. Phage Typing
5. Analysis of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
155
* Simple cells that lacking membrane-bound nucleus
* Fall under the domain Archaea and Bacteria
Prokaryotes
156
* Fungi, algae, protozoa, animals, and plants
* With membrane-bound nucleus
* Categorized under the domain Eukarya
Eukaryotes
157
* More closely related to eukaryotic cells
* Found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions
* Lack peptidoglycan
Archaea (Archaeobacteria)
158
Has cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes and flagella (no nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)
Archaea (Archaeobacteria)
159
Does Archaea (Archaeobacteria) contains peptidoglycan? Yes or No?
No. Archaea (Archaeobacteria) does NOT CONTAIN peptidoglycan
160
Archaea (Archaeobacteria) contain protein or glycoprotein wall structure known as the _____
S-Layer
161
Lovers of the extreme conditions
Extremophiles
162
Salt-loving Cells
Halophiles
163
They are found in environments high in salinity or salt concentrations
Halophiles
164
Heat-loving Cells
Thermophiles
165
Thrive in environments with extreme heat.
Thermophiles
166
Give off swamp gas and inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals.
Anaerobic methanogens
