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Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) > (Lecture) Historical Development, Divisions of Microbiology, and Taxonomy > Flashcards

(Lecture) Historical Development, Divisions of Microbiology, and Taxonomy Flashcards

1
Q

Study of organisms that are too small to be seen by the
naked eye.

A

Microbiology

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2
Q

Study of microscopic organisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protists).

A

Microbiology

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3
Q

Eukaryotic unicellular microscopic organisms that are not considered an animal, plant, or fungus.

A

Protists

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4
Q

In clinical microbiology, the isolation and identification of microorganisms that causes diseases in humans is of _____

A

Primary Importance

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5
Q

Earth was formed about _____

A

4.5 Billion Years Ago

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6
Q

First _____ to _____ of Earth’s
existence – no life on this planet

A

800 Million to 1 Billion Years

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7
Q

Fossils of primitive microbes (as many as 11 different
types) found in ancient rock formations in _____ to about 3.5 billion years ago

A

Northwestern Australia

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8
Q

Fossils of primitive microbes (as many as 11 different types) found in ancient rock formations in northwestern Australia to about _____ ago

A

3.5 Billion Years

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9
Q

_____ are some of the first living organisms that inhabited the planet way before humans did.

A

Microbes

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10
Q

Animals appeared on earth – _____ and _____ million years ago

A

900
650

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11
Q

First microbes on Earth

A

Archaea and Cyanobacteria

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12
Q

Deals with bacteria

A

Bacteriology

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13
Q

Deals with fungi

A

Mycology

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14
Q

Deals with virus

A

Virology

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15
Q

Deals with protozoa

A

Protozoology

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16
Q

Deals with algae

A

Phycology/Algology

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17
Q

Deals with parasites

A

Parasitology

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18
Q

Deals with nematodes

A

Nematology

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19
Q

Deals with pathogenic microbes

A

Medical Microbiology

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20
Q

The focus is on organisms that cause diseases on humans and are clinically important.

A

Medical Microbiology

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21
Q

This concerns the nature, distribution, pathogenesis, and treatment of microbial infection.

A

Medical Microbiology

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22
Q

Study of roles of microbes in agriculture from the point of view of both harm and usefulness.

A

Agricultural Microbiology

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23
Q

Study of microbes in industrial production (ex. Alcohol, Antibiotics)

A

Industrial Microbiology

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24
Q

Study of food borne microbial diseases and their control

A

Food and Dairy Microbiology

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25
Q

Study of microorganisms found
in water

A

Aquatic Microbiology

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26
Q

Study of airborne microorganisms

A

Aero Microbiology

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27
Q

Study of role of microbes in maintaining the quality of environment.

A

Environmental Microbiology

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28
Q

Deals with the role of microbes in coal, gas, and mineral formation.

A

Geochemical Microbiology

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29
Q

Study of manipulation of microbes at the genetic and molecular level to generate useful products (ex. Insulin)

A

Biotechnology

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30
Q

Deals with the study of immune
responses to organisms

A

Immunology

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31
Q

The focus is on the ability of the body to ward off infections caused by organisms.

A

Immunology

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32
Q

Those that can be found in the human body can be classified as _____ or microorganisms that are the normal inhabitants of a body region

A

Normal Flora

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33
Q

_____ are those that do not cause disease in healthy individuals but may cause infection in immunocompromised individuals.

A

Opportunistic Pathogens

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34
Q

True or False:

True pathogens can’t cause disease in all of its susceptible host.

A

False:

True pathogens CAUSE disease in all of its susceptible host.

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35
Q

_____ cause disease in all of its
susceptible host.

A

True Pathogens

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36
Q

Main roles of a Diagnostic or Clinical Microbiologist:

A
  • Isolate
  • Identify
  • Analyze
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37
Q

Knowledge of Microbial Structure and Physiology is extremely important to Clinical Microbiologist in 3 areas. What are those 3 areas?

A
  1. Culture of organisms from patient specimens
  2. Classification and identification of organisms after they have been isolated
  3. Prediction of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns
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38
Q

Father of Protozoology and Bacteriology

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

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39
Q

Contribution of Leeuwenhoek:

A
  1. Constructed the first microscope.
  2. First person to observe microorganisms (1673).
  3. Provided accurate description of bacteria.
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40
Q

Who is this?

Father of Medicine, observed that ill health resulted due to changes in air, winds, water, climate, food, nature of soil, and habits of people.

A

Hippocrates

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41
Q

Who is this?

Disease was caused by animated particles invisible to naked eyes but which were carried in the air through the mouth and nose into the body.

A

Varro

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42
Q

Who is this?

Agents of communicable disease were living germs that could be transmitted by direct contact with humans and animals, and indirectly by objects; but no proof because of lacking experimental evidence.

A

Fracastorius

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43
Q

Who is this?

Postulated that invisible living creatures produce disease.

A

Roger Bacon

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44
Q

Who is this?

Finding minute worms in the blood of plague victims, but with the equipment available to him, it is more likely that what he observed were only blood cells.

A

Kircher

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45
Q

Living things originated from non-living things

A

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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46
Q

Founder of Theory of Spontaneous Generation

A

Aristotle

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47
Q

Observed spontaneous existence of fishes from dried ponds, when the pond was filled with rain.

A

Aristotle

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48
Q

Who is this?

In 1745, published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids.

A

John Needman

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49
Q

John Needman, in _____, published experiments claiming the spontaneous generation of microorganisms in decayable fluids

A

1745

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50
Q

Opposed this view who boiled beef broth for an hour, sealed the flasks, and observed no formation of microbes.

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani

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51
Q

Attempted to counter such arguments.

A

Franz Schulze
Theodore Schwann
George Friedrich Schroder
Theodor von Dusch

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52
Q

In 1877, proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions

A

John Tyndall

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53
Q

John Tyndall, in _____, proved and was able to explain satisfactorily the need for prolonged heating to eliminate microbial life from infusions

A

1877

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54
Q

Intermittent heating is also known as _____

A

Tyndallization

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55
Q

A process where heat-stable form and a heat-sensitive forms of bacteria are killed

A

Intermittent Heating or Tyndallization

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56
Q

First tried to set an experiment to disprove spontaneous generation / life comes from pre-existing life

A

Francisco Redi

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57
Q

Disproved the Theory of Abiogenesis

A

Louis Pasteur

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58
Q

Louis Pasteur designed a large curved flask, also known as _____

A

Pasteur Gooseneck Flask

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59
Q

Who is this?

Designed a large curved flask and placed a sterile growth broth medium. Air freely moved through the tube; but dust particles were trapped in the curved portion of flask.

A

Louis Pasteur

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60
Q

In the large curved flask that Pasteur designed, is the microbial growth in broth seen or was not seen?

A

Was not seen

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61
Q

Major contributions of Louis Pasteur:

A
  1. Microbial theory of fermentation
  2. Principles and practice of sterilization and pasteurization
  3. Control of disease of silkworms
  4. Development of vaccines against anthrax and rabies
  5. Discovery of streptococci
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62
Q

Germ Theory of Disease depended on the work of a German scientist named _____

A

Robert Koch

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63
Q

Koch’s postulates serves as the proof of _____

A

Germ Theory of Disease

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64
Q

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates:

A
  1. Many healthy people carry pathogens but do not exhibit symptoms of the disease.
  2. Some microbes are very difficult or impossible to grow in vitro (in the laboratory) in artificial media
  3. Many species are species-specific.
  4. Certain diseases develop only when an opportunistic pathogen invades immunocompromised host.
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65
Q

Developed a diphtheria antitoxin

A

Emil A von Behring

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66
Q

Discovered transmitted how malaria is transmitted

A

Ronald Ross

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67
Q
  • Tuberculosis – Discovery of
    causative agent
  • Component of the Germ Theory
A

Robert Koch

68
Q

Discovery of Malaria parasite in an unstained preparation of fresh blood

A

CLA Laveron

69
Q
  • Developed theories on immunity
  • Described phagocytosis, the intake of solid materials by cells
A

Paul Ehrlich and Elie
Metchnikoff

70
Q

Anaphylaxis

A

Charles Richet

71
Q

Discovered roles of complement and antibody in cytolysis, developed complement fixation test

A

Jules Bordet

72
Q

Typhus exanthematicus

A

Charles Nicolle

73
Q
  • Described ABO blood groups; solidified chemical basis for antigen-antibody reactions
  • Also provided basis for immunologic reactions
A

Karl Landsteiner

74
Q

Antibacterial effect of prontosil

A

Gerhardt Domagk

75
Q

Discovered penicillin

A

Alexander Fleming, Ernst Chain, and
Howard Florey

76
Q

Known for his accidental discovery of penicillin produced by Pennicilium notatum

A

Alexander Fleming

77
Q

Yellow fever vaccine

A

Max Theiler

78
Q
  • Development of streptomycin and neomycin
  • Coined the term “antibiotic.”
A

Selman A Waksman

79
Q

Cultured poliovirus in cell cultures

A

John F. Enders, Thomas H Weller, and Frederick C Robbins

80
Q

Immunological tolerance clonal
selection theory

A

Sir Macfarlane Burnet and Sir Peter Brian Medawar

81
Q

Double helix structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

James D Watson, Frances HC Crick, and Maurice AF Wilkins

82
Q

Viral Oncogenes (Avian sarcoma)

A

Peyton Ross

83
Q

Genetic Code

A

Robert Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, and Marshall W Nirenberg

84
Q

Mechanism of virus infection in
the living cells

A

Max Delbruck, AD Hershey, and Salvador Luria

85
Q

Described the nature and
structure of antibodies

A

Gerald M Edelman and Rodney R Porter

86
Q

Interactions between tumor viruses and genetic materials of the cells

A

David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco and Howard M Temin

87
Q

Developed inmmunoassay

A

Rosalyn Yalow

88
Q

HLA antigens

A

Baruj Benecerraf, Jean Dausset, and George Snell

89
Q

Developed hybridoma technology
for production of monoclonal
antibodies

A

Cesar Milstein, Georges Kohler Neils
Jerne

90
Q
  • Described the genetics of antibody production
  • Described the involvement of genes in the production of antibody against foreign substances
A

Susumu Tonegawa

91
Q

Discovered cancer-causing genes called oncogenes

A

J Micahel Bishop and Harold E Varmus

92
Q

Performed the first successful organ transplants by using immunosuppressive agents.

A

Joseph E Murray and E Donnall Thomas

93
Q

Discovered the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify DNA

A

Kary B Mullis

94
Q

Cell-mediated immune defenses

A

Peter C Dohery and Rolf M Zinkernagel

95
Q

Prion discovery

A

Stanley B Prusiner

96
Q

Discovered genes that encode proteins regulating cell division

A

Leland H Hartwell, Paul M Nurse, and R Timothy Hunt

97
Q

Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease

A

Barry J Marshall and J Robin Warren

98
Q

Creation of knockout mice for stem cell research

A

Mario R Capecchi, Oliver Smithies and Sir Martin J Evans

99
Q

Discovery of Human Immunodeficiency Virus

A

Luc Montagnier and Francoise BarreSinoussi

100
Q

Known for his discovery of the immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS

A

Luc Montagnier

101
Q

Human papillomavirus causing cervical cancer

A

Harald zur Hausen

102
Q
  • Discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity
  • Discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in active immunity.
A

Bruce A, Beutler and Jules A Hoffmann Ralph M Steinman

103
Q

Taxonomy is derived from the Greek words _____ which means “arrangement” and _____ which means “law”

A

Taxes
Nomos

104
Q

“Taxes” means _____ and “Nomos” means _____

A

Arrangement
Law

105
Q

It is the orderly classification and groupings of organisms into categories

A

Taxonomy

106
Q

Taxonomy involves 3 structures, interrelated categories which are the:

A
  1. Classification
  2. Nomenclature
  3. Identification
107
Q

Genetic makeup of an organism, or combinations of forms of one or a few genes under scrutiny in an organism’s genome.

A

Genotype

108
Q

Readily observable physical and functional features of an organism expressed by its genotype.

A

Phenotype

109
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

Base sequencing of DNA or RNA

A

Genotype

110
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

DNA base composition ratio to measure the degree of relatedness

A

Genotype

111
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

Macroscopic (colony morphology on media)

A

Phenotype

112
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

Microscopic (size, shape, arrangement into groups or chains of organisms) morphology

A

Phenotype

113
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

Staining characteristics (gram-positive or gramnegative)

A

Phenotype

114
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

Nutritional requirements

A

Phenotype

115
Q

Identify if Genotype of Phenotype:

Physiologic and biochemical characteristics

A

Phenotype

116
Q

There are three domains which are the most inclusive and largest of all the taxons. These domains are the:

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya

117
Q

Eukaryotic organisms such as fungi, plants, animals, humans, and protists belong under the
domain _____

A

Eukarya

118
Q

_____ are placed either in the domain Bacteria or Archaea

A

Bacteria

119
Q

“The Father of Biological Classification”

A

Aristotle

120
Q

Classified the animals into animals with blood and animals without blood, animals that live in water and animals that love on land or in air.

A

Aristotle

121
Q

French Naturalist

A

Carolus Linnaeus

122
Q

Carolus Linnaeus divided living things into two kingdoms. What are the two kingdoms?

A

Plantae
Animalia

123
Q

Often called “The Father of Taxonomy”

A

Carolus Linnaeus

124
Q

Carolus Linnaeus further arranged classification categories as:

A

Kingdom, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species

125
Q

Invented binomial nomenclature

A

Carolus Linnaeus

126
Q

Proposed a three kingdom classification in 1894

A

Ernst Haeckel

127
Q

Ernst Haeckel proposed a three kingdom classification. What are the three kingdom classification?

A

Plantae
Animalia
Protista

128
Q

Proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure, mode, and source of nutrition and body organization

A

Robert Wittaker

129
Q

Robert Wittaker proposed a five kingdom classification on the basis of cell structure, mode, and source of nutrition and body organization. What are the five kingdom classification?

A

Monera
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia

130
Q

In 1990, he modified the classification and classified all the organisms into three domains of life: Eukarya domain, Bacteria domain, and Archaea domain

A

Carl Woese

131
Q

Family is similar to _____

A

Human Clan

132
Q

Genus (Genera) is equivalent to _____

A

Human Last Name

133
Q

Species Epithet is equivalent to _____

A

Human First Name

134
Q

Staphylococcus aureus

Identify the Family, Genus, and the Species Epithet in the mentioned bacteria.

A

Family: Micrococcacceae
Genus: Staphylococcus
Species Epithet: aureus

135
Q

Equivalent to a breed or subspecies among plants or animals.

A

Strain

136
Q

The level below the species

A

Strain

137
Q

Sublevel below the species taxa

A

Strain

138
Q

This is given when an isolated organism from one source has minor difference in characteristics with another organism of the same species that is obtained from another source

A

Strain

139
Q

Useful technique in classifying organisms based on known criteria.

A

Dichotomous Key

140
Q

Means of assigning an organism to a specific taxonomic category typically involves the use of specific criteria that may posed as questions

A

Dichotomous Key

141
Q

Is the Family Name’s first letter capitalized or on lowercase?

A

Capitalized

142
Q

Usual ending of a Family Name

A

“-aceae”

143
Q

Is the Genus Name’s first letter capitalized or on lowercase?

A

Capitalized

144
Q

Is the Species Epithet’s first letter capitalized or on lowercase?

A

Lowercase Letter

145
Q

Both the Genus and the Species should be _____ in print

A

Italicized

146
Q

Both the Genus and the Species should be _____ when written in script

A

Underlined

147
Q

Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:

Based on phenotypic differences

A

Subspecies

148
Q

Subspecies is abbreviated as _____

A

“subsp.”

149
Q

Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:

Based on serologic differences (antigenic properties)

A

Serovarieties

150
Q

Serovarieties are abbreviated as _____

A

“serovar”

151
Q

Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:

Based on biochemical or physiological test result differences

A

Biovarieties

152
Q

Biovarieties are abbreviated as _____

A

“biovar”

153
Q

Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics:

Based on susceptibility to specific bacterial phages

A

Phage Typing

154
Q

List down the Classification by Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics

A
  1. Subspecies
  2. Serovarieties
  3. Biovarieties
  4. Phage Typing
  5. Analysis of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
155
Q
  • Simple cells that lacking membrane-bound nucleus
  • Fall under the domain Archaea and Bacteria
A

Prokaryotes

156
Q
  • Fungi, algae, protozoa, animals, and plants
  • With membrane-bound nucleus
  • Categorized under the domain Eukarya
A

Eukaryotes

157
Q
  • More closely related to eukaryotic cells
  • Found in microorganisms that grow under extreme environmental conditions
  • Lack peptidoglycan
A

Archaea (Archaeobacteria)

158
Q

Has cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes and flagella (no nucleus and membrane-bound organelles)

A

Archaea (Archaeobacteria)

159
Q

Does Archaea (Archaeobacteria) contains peptidoglycan? Yes or No?

A

No. Archaea (Archaeobacteria) does NOT CONTAIN peptidoglycan

160
Q

Archaea (Archaeobacteria) contain protein or glycoprotein wall structure known as the _____

A

S-Layer

161
Q

Lovers of the extreme conditions

A

Extremophiles

162
Q

Salt-loving Cells

A

Halophiles

163
Q

They are found in environments high in salinity or salt concentrations

A

Halophiles

164
Q

Heat-loving Cells

A

Thermophiles

165
Q

Thrive in environments with extreme heat.

A

Thermophiles

166
Q

Give off swamp gas and inhabit the intestinal tracts of animals.

A

Anaerobic methanogens

Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) (17 decks)

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