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Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) > (Lecture) Sterilization and Disinfection > Flashcards

(Lecture) Sterilization and Disinfection Flashcards

1
Q

Destruction of all forms of microbial life including spores.

A

Sterilization

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2
Q

Destruction of microbes that cause disease; may not be effective in killing spores.

A

Disinfection

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3
Q

Destruction or inhibition of microorganisms in living tissue thereby limiting or preventing the harmful effect of infection.

A

Antisepsis

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4
Q

Methods of Microbial Control are divided into two groups. What are the two groups?

A
  1. Chemical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection
  2. Physical Methods of Sterilization and Disinfection
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5
Q

Destroys only a define scope of microorganisms including some spores but not necessarily all microbial life.

A

Disinfection

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6
Q

Term used when the agent is applied to the skin or living tissue for the purpose of limiting the number of bacteria present.

A

Antisepsis

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7
Q

Chemical agents used for antisepsis are called _____

A

Antiseptics

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8
Q

Used in microbiological research, the preservation of food and the prevention of the disease.

A

Aseptic Techniques

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9
Q

Laboratory work with pure cultures requires the use of _____ and _____

A

Sterile Apparatus
Culture Media

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10
Q

Chemical Agents are used mainly for _____ and Physical Methods are used mainly for _____

A

Disinfection
Sterilization

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11
Q

List down the types of Physical Agents:

A
  1. Sunlight
  2. Drying
  3. Heat
  4. Filtration
  5. Radiation
  6. Ultrasonic and Sonic Vibrations
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12
Q

Two types of Heat under Physical Agent category:

A
  1. Dry Heat
  2. Moist Heat
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13
Q

List down all the divisions under Chemical Agents (excluding the subdivisions):

A
  1. Agents that damage the cell membrane
  2. Agents that damage proteins
  3. Agents that modify functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids
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14
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Surface-active Disinfectants

A

Agents that damage the cell membrane

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15
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Phenols

A

Agents that damage the cell membrane

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16
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Phenolic Compounds

A

Agents that damage the cell membrane

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17
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Acids and Alkalines

A

Agents that damage/denature proteins

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18
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Heavy Metals

A

Agents that modify functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids

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19
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Oxidizing Agents

A

Agents that modify functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids

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20
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Dyes

A

Agents that modify functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids

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21
Q

Identify under what category is this under Chemical Agents:

Alkylating Agents

A

Agents that modify functional groups of proteins and nucleic acids

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22
Q

List down the Mode of Action of some chemical agents:

A
  1. Reaction with the bacterial plasma membrane
  2. Denaturation or coagulation of bacterial proteins
  3. Reaction with enzymes
  4. Damage to nucleic acids
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23
Q

Two types of Surface Active Agents

A
  1. Cationic Agents
  2. Anionic Agents
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24
Q

Quaternary Ammonium Compounds or Quates is what type of Surface Active Agents?

A

Cationic Agents

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25
Q

Identify what type of Surface Active Agents based on the description:

  • Causes loss of cell membrane semi permeability leading to loss of nutrients and essential metabolites.
  • Denatures protein
A

Cationic Agents

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26
Q

Soaps and Fatty Acids are what type of Surface Active Agents?

A

Anionic Agents

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27
Q

Identify what type of Surface Active Agents based on the description:

  • Causes gross disruption of cell membrane lipoprotein framework.
  • More active in Gram-positive bacteria than in Gram-negative bacteria.
  • Active at acidic pH.
A

Anionic Agents

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28
Q

● Highly effective in Gram-positive bacteria.
● Clinically not used because of its neurotoxic effect.
● Currently used as a standard for measuring bactericidal potency of new chemicals.

A

Phenolic Compounds

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29
Q

This is the ratio of the concentration of the new chemical agent being tested to the concentration of the reference standard (phenol) required to kill in a specific time.

A

Phenol Coefficient

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30
Q

If phenol coefficient is <1, the new chemical agent is _____ than phenol.

A

Less Effective

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31
Q

If phenol coefficient is =1, the new chemical agent is _____ to phenol in efficacy.

A

Equal

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32
Q

If phenol coefficient is >1, the new chemical agent is _____ than phenol.

A

More Effective

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33
Q

Uses of Organic Solvents:

A
  1. Potent skin disinfectants
  2. Disinfects clinical thermometer
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34
Q

Ethanol is potents at concentration of _____

A

70%

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35
Q

○ Disorganize cell membrane lipid structure
○ Denatures protein
○ Active against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, and acid-fast bacili.

A

Alcohol

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36
Q

● Causes conformational alteration of proteins (unfolding of polypeptide chain) resulting in irregular looping and coiling of polypeptide chain.

A

Acids and Alkalies

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37
Q

Acids like _____, _____, and _____ are helpful as food preservatives: extending storage life of food products

A

Benzoic Acids
Citric Acid
Acetic Acid

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38
Q

A type of mercurials that has a limited use because of its toxicity

A

Mercuric Chloride

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39
Q

A type of mercurials that is less toxic than inorganic mercuric salts

A

Organis Mercurials

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40
Q

Use of Mercurials

A

As antiseptics

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41
Q

Use of Silver Compounds

A

As ophthalmic and wound antiseptic

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42
Q

Converts functional -SH group into non-functional -S-S group

A

Oxidizing Agents

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43
Q

This is a Halogen that is inactivated by organic materials

A

Chlorine

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44
Q

This is a Halogen that is an effective skin disinfectant

A

Iodine

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45
Q

An example of Oxidizing Agent that is used for cleansing of wound, disinfecting medical-surgical devices, and plastic contact lenses

A

3% Hydrogen Peroxide

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46
Q

Give examples of Dyes

A

Brilliant Green
Malachite Green
Crystal Violet

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47
Q

Uses of Dyes:

A
  1. For treatment of dermatological lesions
  2. For formulation of selective culture media
48
Q

Examples of Alkylating Agents:

A
  1. Formaldehyde
  2. Glutaraldehyde
  3. Ethylene Oxide
49
Q

Formaldehyde’s 37% aqueous solution form is named as _____

A

Formalin

50
Q

Uses of Formaldehyde:

A
  1. Preservation of fresh tissues
  2. Preparation of vaccines from bacterial surfaces, viruses, and toxins
  3. Bactericidal including spores
51
Q

Gaseous sterling chemical

A

Ethylene Oxide

52
Q

Use of Ethylene Oxide

A

Sterilize medical-surgical devices that would be damaged by heat

53
Q

This are disinfectants that are applied on animate bodies

A

Antiseptic Agents

54
Q

Characteristics of Antiseptic Agents:

A

● Never toxic to cells
● Never be corrosive
● Should never change nature of skin

55
Q

The most reliable and universally applicable Method of Sterilization

A

Heat

56
Q

List down the Mechanism of Action of Heat:

A
  1. Dry Heat
  2. Moist Heat
57
Q

A Mechanism of Action of Heat that denatures protein

A

Dry Heat

58
Q

Mechanism of Action of Heat that is used in scalpels and neck of flasks, bottles, and tubes are exposed for a few seconds, but it is of uncertain efficacy

A

Flaming

59
Q

Hot Air Sterilizer or Oven is done by applying _____ to _____ degree Celsius for _____ to _____ hours

A

160-180 degree Celsius
1.5-3 Hours

60
Q

Sterilizes glassware, oils, greases, lubricants, and powders

A

Hot Air Sterilizer (Oven)

61
Q

Not reliable method of heat sterilization

A

Boiling

62
Q

Boiling is done by applying _____ for _____

A

100 degree Celsius
15 minutes

63
Q

Used for sterilizing catheters, dressing, and fabrics

A

Boiling

64
Q

Intermittent steaming (fractional sterilization)

A

Tyndallization

65
Q

Tyndallization is done at _____ for _____ on _____ days

A

100 degree Celsius
30 minutes
3 consecutive days

66
Q

Used for sterilizing heat sensitive culture media containing materials such as carbohydrates, egg, or serum

A

Tyndallization

67
Q

Preferred temperature and time for Holder Method of Pasteurization

A

63 degree Celsius for 30 minutes

68
Q

Preferred temperature and time for Flash Method of Pasteurization

A

72 degree Celsius for 15 seconds

69
Q

Used in the pasteurization of milk and preparation of bacterial vaccines

A

Pasteurization

70
Q
  • Steam under pressure
  • Based on the principle that when water is boil at increased pressure, hot saturated steam will be formed which penetrates and gives up its latent heat when it condenses on cooler objects.
A

Autoclaving

71
Q

Hot saturated steam in Autoclaving acts as an excellent agent for sterilization because of:

A
  1. High temperature
  2. High latent heat
  3. Ability to form water of condensation
  4. Contraction in volume that occurs during condensation
72
Q

Most culture media are sterilized at a pressure of _____, at a temperature of _____ for _____. It destroys bacterial endospores and vegetative cells.

A

15 lb/in
121 degree Celsius
15 minutes

73
Q

Used to sterilize solid and fluid culture media, gowns, medical and surgical equipment.

A

Autoclaving

74
Q

Methods of controlling Sterilization

A

● Recording of temperature and time of each sterilizing cycle.
● Heat sensitive autoclave tape fixed to the outside of each pack.
● Biological indicator

75
Q

Color change of autoclave tape from blue to _____ indicates complete sterilization.

A

Brown-black

76
Q

Color change of autoclave tape from _____ to brown-black indicates complete sterilization.

A

Blue

77
Q
  • Inactivation of living bacteria by cold.
  • It prevents active multiplication of bacteria by decreasing the metabolic activity of bacteria.
A

Freezing

78
Q

Freeze-drying

A

Lyophilization

79
Q

Involves rapid freezing with subsequent drying.

A

Lyophilization

80
Q

Use of Lyophilization

A
  1. Preservation of microbial cultures
  2. Preservation of vaccines
81
Q

Mechanical sieving through membrane filters.

A

Filtration

82
Q

Uses of Filtration:

A

● Sterilization of thermolabile parental and ophthalmic solutions, sera, and plasma.
● Microbial evaluation of water purity.
● Determination of viral particle size.

83
Q

Ion radiation includes:

A

X-ray
Y-ray
Beta-ray

84
Q

This has has less quantum energy with low penetrating power than ionic radiation

A

Ultraviolet Radiation

85
Q

Spore forming bacteria are more resistant to ionic and ultraviolet radiation than vegetative bacteria because of:

A

● The spore coat confers protection.
● DNA is in different state in spores.

86
Q

Uses of Radiation:

A

● Sterilize surgical sutures, catheters, petri dishes, culture media while dispensing, and pharmaceutical products like hormones, enzymes, and antibiotics.
● It also sterilize biological safety cabinet (laboratory rooms).

87
Q

Recommended concentration of Betadine (Iodophore)

A

2%

88
Q

Recommended concentration of Bleaching Powder (Calcium Hypochlorite)

A

14g in 1L of water

89
Q

Recommended concentration of Dettol (Chloroxylenol)

A

4%

90
Q

Recommended concentration of Ethyl Alcohol

A

70%

91
Q

Recommended concentration of Glutaraldehyde

A

2%

92
Q

Recommended concentration of Lysol

A

2.5%

93
Q

Recommended concentration of Savlon (Chlorhexidine and Cetrimide)

A

2%, 5%

94
Q

Recommended concentration of Sodium hypochlorite

A

1%, 0.1%

95
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Metallic inoculating loops or
wires

A

Red heat

96
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Infective materials like soiled
dressings, bed

A

Burning (incineration)

97
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Glasswares-syringes, petri
dishes, test tubes, flasks,
universal containers, oily
fluids (paraffin)

A

Hot air oven or autoclave

98
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Metal instruments

A

Autoclaving, hot air oven,
infrared radiation

99
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Serum, body fluids, bacterial
vaccines

A

Waterbath at 56°C x 1 hour,
vaccine bath at x 1hr

100
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Gloves, aprons, dressings,
catheters, surgical
instruments except sharp
instruments

A

Autoclaving

101
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Sharp instruments

A

5% cresol

102
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Suture materials except
catgut

A

Autoclaving

103
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Catgut

A

Ionizing radiation

104
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Milk

A

Pasteurization

105
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Most of the culture media

A

Autoclaving

106
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Culture media containing
egg serum or sugar

A

Tyndallization

107
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Toxin, ascetic fluid, serum,
sugar, and antibiotic
solutions

A

Filtration

108
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Rubber, plastic, and
polythene tubes including
disposable syringes

A

Gamma radiation, ethylene
oxide gas

109
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Faeces and urine, vomitus,
sputum

A

Bleaching powder, cresols,
formalin, burning,
autoclaving

110
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Disposable syringes, rubber
or plastic disposable goods,
bone and tissue grafts,
adhesive dressings

A

Ionizing radiation

111
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Antitoxic sera, serum, urine

A

Merthiolate (1 : 10,00)

112
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Operation theatre, wards,
and laboratory or floor space

A
  • Formaldehyde gas and
    cresols (Lysol)
  • Sodium hypochlorite (1%)
113
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Polythene tubing, fabrics,
machine

A

Ethylene oxide

114
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Water

A

Chlorine as hypochlorite
(0.2%)

115
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Skin

A

Tincture iodine, spirit (70% ethanol), savlon (phenol
derivative)

116
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Woollen blankets, wool and
hides

A

Formaldehyde gas

117
Q

Identify the Method of Sterilization or Disinfection used:

Sterilization of operation
theatre

A

Formaldehyde gas (50cc
formalin and 25g KMnO per
100cu. ft. space)

Clinical Bacteriology (Prelim) (17 decks)

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