Lecture ( ). Rogers Flashcards
Person centered theory changes in name
“Nondirective” approach
“client-centered” “student-centered” “person-centered” “group-centered” “person-to-person”
Person centered theory was more concerned
Was more concerned with helping people than discovering why they behaved as they did
Person centered theory is built on
Theory is built on the experiences as a therapist
Carl’s personal life was marked by
Personal life was marked by change and openness to experience
Carl Rogers own family
Married Ellen Helliot in 1924, and had 2 children – David and Natalie
Rogers grew to become a leading proponent of the notion that
Grew to become a leading proponent of the notion that the interpersonal relationship between two individuals is a powerful ingredient that cultivates psychological growth within both persons.
Rogers birth order
4th of 6 children
Roger’s relationship to parents
Closer to his mother than to his father, who, during the early years, was often away from home working as a civil engineer
Roger’s first published book
The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child (1939)
Roger is the first president of
First president of the American Association for Applied Psychology & first president of the American Academy of Psychotherapists
2 Basic Assumptions of Person-Centered Theory
Formative & Actualizing Tendency
Formative Tendency
Rogers believed that there is a tendency for all matter, both organic and inorganic, to evolve from simpler to more complex forms
Formative Tendency is what kind of process
A creative process, rather than a disintegrative one, is in operation for the entire universe
Actualizing Tendency refers to
Refers to organismic experiences of the individual, that is, refers to the whole person
Actualizing Tendency
Tendency within all humans (and other animals and plants) to move toward completion of fulfillment of potentials
2 needs in actualizing tendency
Need for maintenance and enhancement
Only motive that people possess
Actualizing tendency
Actualization involves the
Actualization involves the whole person – physiological and intellectual, rational and emotional, conscious and unconscious
Need for maintenance is similar to
Similar to the lower steps on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Need for maintenance includes the basic needs such as
air, food, safety
Need for maintenance includes
the tendency to resist change and to seek the status quo
Need for maintenance is expressed
Expressed in people’s desire to protect their current, comfortable self-concept
Need for Enhancement
Need to become more, to develop, and to achieve growth
Need for enhancement is seen in
Seen in people’s willingness to learn things that are not immediately rewarding
People are willing to face threat and pain because
People are willing to face threat and pain because of a biologically based tendency for the organism to fulfill its basic nature
Need for maintenance is expressed in various forms such as
Curiosity
Playfulness
Self-exploration
Friendship
Confidence
Self-actualization potential
limited to humans
3 necessary and sufficient conditions for becoming a fully functioning or self-actualizing person
3 necessary and sufficient conditions for becoming a fully functioning or self-actualizing person:
Congruence or empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Empathy
Subset of the actualization tendency and therefore not synonymous with it
Self-actualization
Self-actualization
Tendency to actualize the self as perceived in awareness
Self-concept
Includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness by the individual
2 self subsytems
Self-concept and Ideal self
One’s view of self as one wishes to be
Ideal self
Ideal Self contains
Contains all those attributes, usually positive, that people aspire to possess
Awareness
“the symbolic representation of some portion of our experience”
Awareneness is used synonymously with
Used synonymously with both consciousness and symbolization
Three Levels of Awareness
Ignored or Denied, Accurately Symbolized, Distorted
Ignored or Denied
Events experienced below the threshold of awareness
Freely admitted to the self-structure
Accurately Symbolized
Accurately Symbolized
Nonthreatening and consistent with the existing self-concept
Distorted
Happens when our experience is not consistent with our view of self, so that it can be assimilated into our existing self-concept
2 concepts in becoming a person
Contact and Positive Regard
Minimum experience necessary for becoming a person
Contact
Positive Regard
A need to be loved, liked, or accepted by another person
Positive Regard can be partially satisfied
Partially satisfied if we perceive that others care for, prize, or value us
Once positive regard is established,
Once established, it becomes independent of the continual need to be loved
Positive self-regard
Experience of prizing or valuing one’s self
Barriers to Psychological Health
Conditions of Worth, Incongruence, Defensiveness, Disorganization,
Received instead of unconditional positive regard
Conditions of worth
In Conditions of worth, people perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if?
They perceive that their parents, peers, or partners love and accept them only if they meet those people’s expectations and approval
Conditions of worth may lead to
May lead to a somewhat false self-concept, one based on distortions and denials
Perceptions of other people’s view of us
External Evaluations
External Evaluations
Do not foster psychological health but rather prevent us from being completely open to our own experiences
External evaluation results to
Results into experiencing incongruence
Incongruence
Variance between the organism and the self
Source of psychological disorders
Incongruence
Incongruence leads to
Leads to discrepant and seemingly inconsistent behaviors
The greater the incongruence between our perceived self (self-concept) and our organismic experience,
The greater the incongruence between our perceived self (self-concept) and our organismic experience, the more vulnerable we are
Incongruence begins when
Begins when we fail to recognize our organismic experiences as self—experiences: that is, when we do not accurately symbolize organismic experiences into awareness because they appear to be inconsistent with our emerging self-concept
People are vulnerable when
People are vulnerable when they are unaware of the discrepancy between their organismic self and their significant experience
Unpleasant or uncomfortable feelings
Anxiety and Threat
Anxiety and Threat
Experienced as we gain awareness of such an incongruence
A state of uneasiness or tension whose cause is unknown
Anxiety
Awareness that our self is no longer whole or congruent
Threat
Defensiveness
Protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by the denial or distortion of experiences inconsistent with it
Two Chief Defenses
Distortion and Denial
