Lecture 10. Maslow Flashcards
The Holistic-dynamic theory is variously been called
humanistic theory, transpersonal theory, the third force in psychology, the fourth force in personality, needs theory, self actualization theory
Maslow personality referred to as
referred to as a holistic-dynamic theory
Holistic-dynamic theory assumes that
assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated (from birth to old age) by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health (self actualization).
Humans have a higher nature than either _____ or ____ would suggest
Humans have a higher nature than either psychoanalysis (all our behaviors are rooted from our past or unconscious motives) or behaviorism (all our behaviors are products of conditioning) would suggest
Humans have a higher nature than either psychoanalysis (all our behaviors are rooted from our past or unconscious motives) or behaviorism (all our behaviors are products of conditioning) would suggest, which has …
which has limited views of humanity and the nature of psychologically healthy individuals.
Maslow’s birth order
Oldest of 7 children
Maslow’s life was filled with
was filled with intense feelings of shyness, inferiority and depression and his lonely childhood in Brooklyn, not especially close to either parent.
Maslow’s relationship with father
More tolerant with his often-absent father, but felt hated and deep-seated animosity, from childhood until the day she died.
Maslow’s feeling towards her mother
never overcame the intense hatred to his mother despite several years of psychoanalysis.
Maslow’s wife and family
Married his first cousin, Bertha, when he was 20 years old and had 2 daughters.
Abe’s personal life was filled with
Abe’s personal life was filled with pain, both physical and psychological.
Maslow’s personality during adolescence
As an adolescent he was terribly shy, unhappy, isolated and self-rejecting.
How did he find inspiration in life?
only found inspiration in life when his wife showed mutual affection for him.
Maslow’s later years
In his later years, he was often in poor physical health and almost in his deathbed, he expressed that being courageous is overcoming all the negatives (inhibitions, politeness, gentleness, timidities) but this always comes with a price (fatigue, tension, apprehension, bad sleep)
What negatives did he mention during his later years?
negatives (inhibitions, politeness, gentleness, timidities)
What prices did he mention during his later years?
price (fatigue, tension, apprehension, bad sleep)
Maslow’s view of motivation
Holistic approach
Maslow’s view of motivation is usually
usually complex — several separate motives, needs, unconscious
People are continually motivated by __ need or ___
People are continually motivated by one need or another
All people everywhere are motivated by the same?
All people everywhere are motivated by the same basic needs; universal for all individuals
Physiological Needs
Basic of all the five needs
5 hierarchy of needs
Physiological Needs, Safety Needs, Love and Belonging Needs, Esteem Needs, Self-Actualization
Physiological Needs differ from the rest of the needs in at least two important respects;
Can be completely/overly satisfied
Recurring nature
Safety Needs
Physical security, stability, dependency, protection and freedom from threatening forces such as war, illness, terrorism etc.
Love and Belonging Needs
Desire for having friends, partner, settling with family and children, associated with clubs or to belong in the neighbourhood
Esteem Needs
Include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in high esteem
Self-esteem is based on
Self-esteem is based on real competence and not merely on others’ opinions.
Maslow’s view on esteem
For Maslow, the esteem you receive based on what people give or recognize you is different from the esteem you have for yourself
Two Levels of Esteem Needs
Reputation, Self-esteem
Reputation
perception of the prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others
Self-esteem
a person’s own feelings of worth and confidence
Self-Actualization
include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word
For Maslow, people who have reached the level of self-actualization become,
For Maslow, people who have reached the level of self-actualization become fully human, satisfying needs that others merely aspire of, glimpse or never view at all
Originally, aesthetic and cognitive needs are not in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs because
Originally, aesthetic and cognitive needs are not in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs because these two would not be universal to all people, merely specific to cultures or depending on a person.
Transcendence
the desire to move beyond ourselves.
People seeking to fulfill their Transcendent needs may be motivated by
People seeking to fulfill their Transcendent needs may be motivated by helping others or becoming wholly driven by factors that do not personally impact them.
The five needs are conative needs which means
have a striving or motivational character and are called the basic needs, with each step representing a higher need but one less basic to survival.
Lower needs comparing with higher needs
Lower needs have prepotency over higher needs
Aesthetic Needs
unlike conative needs, it depends on culture and the person.
Cognitive Needs
the desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, to be curious
Neurotic Needs
lead to stagnation and pathology.
Neurotic Needs is usually
Usually reactive, a compensation for unsatisfied basic needs.
Examples of Neurotic Needs
Like having a hoarding drive and pathological relationship
Acc. to Maslow, lower needs are the basis on
Acc. to Maslow, lower needs are the basis on how an individual can reach or the percentage of probability to reach the highest need.
The more the lower need is satisfied and high percentage…
The more the lower need is satisfied and high percentage, the greater the probability for the next level to be satisfied as well
6 general discussions of needs
reversed order of needs, unmotivated behavior, expressing and coping behavior, deprivation of needs, instinctoid nature of needs, comparison of higher and lower needs
Cause of why needs are reversed
There are some unconscious motivations underlying our behavior
Unmotivated behavior
believed that even though all behaviors have a cause, some behaviors are not motivated
Some behavior is not caused by needs but by other factors such as
Some behavior is not caused by needs but by other factors such as conditioned reflexes, maturation, or influence of drugs.
Motivation is limited to
Motivation is limited to the striving for the satisfaction of some need
Expressive Behavior
often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort.
Expressive Behavior includes
includes such actions as slouching, looking stupid, being relaxed, showing anger, and expressing joy
Expressive behavior can continue even..
can continue even in the absence of reinforcement or reward like a frown, a blush, or a twinkle of the eye is not ordinarily specifically reinforced, just happens naturally.
expressive behavior is usually
usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined by forces within the person rather than by the environment
coping behavior
ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned (from previous experience), and determined by the (what is appropriate in the) external environment we have
Coping behavior involves
involves the individual’s attempts to cope with the environment; to secure food and shelter; to make friends; and to receive acceptance, appreciation, and prestige from others
Deprivation of needs
Lack of satisfaction with any of the basic needs leads to some kind of pathology
metapathology
absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life
Deprivation of physiological needs leads to
Deprivation of physiological needs → malnutrition, fatigue, loss of energy, obsession with sex, and so on.
Threats to one’s safety results to
Threats to one’s safety → fear, insecurity, and dread.
When love needs go unfulfilled,
When love needs go unfulfilled → a person becomes defensive, overly aggressive, or socially timid.
Lack of esteem
Lack of esteem → illnesses of self-doubt, self-depreciation, and lack of confidence.
Deprivation of self-actualization needs also leads to
Deprivation of self-actualization needs also leads to pathology, or more accurately, metapathology
Instinctoid Nature of needs
Maslow (1970) hypothesizes that some human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning
4 Criteria for Self-Actualization
Free from psychopathology — neither neurotic nor psychotic nor did they have a tendency toward psychological disturbances
Had progressed through the hierarchy of needs and therefore lived above the subsistence level of existence and had no ever present threat to their safety
Embracing the B-values, felt comfortable with and even demanded truth, beauty, justice, simplicity, humor and other B-values
Full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities fulfilled their needs to grow, to develop and to increasingly become what they were capable of becoming.
B-values
indicators for psychological health — metaneeds (metamotivation)
14 b-values
Truth
Goodness
Beauty
Wholeness or Transcendence of dichotomies (naalign mo yung dichotomies mo)
Aliveness or spontaneity
Uniqueness
Perfection
Completion
Justice and order
Simplicity
Richness or totality
Effortlessness
Playfulness or humor
Self-sufficiency or autonomy
15 Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People
- More efficient perception of reality
- Acceptance of self, others and nature
- Spontaneity, simplicity and naturalness
- Problem-centering
- The need for privacy
- Autonomy
- Continued freshness of appreciation
- The peak experience
- Gemeinschaftsgefuhl (Adler’s term for social interest, community feeling or a sense of oneness with all humanity
- Profound interpersonal relations
- The democratic character structure
- Discrimination between means and ends
- Philosophical sense of humor
- Creativeness
- Resistance to enculturation
Jonah complex
fear of being one’s best
Jonah complex is characterized by
Characterized by attempts to run away from one’s destiny, representing a fear of success, a fear of being one’s best, and feeling of awesomeness in the presence of beauty and perfection
Everyone has a private ambition to be great, to be famous, to be known,
but
but compare themselves with those who have accomplished greatness, they are appalled by their own arrogance, thus lower their aspirations, feel stupid and humble, adopt the self-defeating approach of running away from the realization of their full potential.
Psychotherapy in Maslow (aim)
Aim of therapy is to embrace the B-values
Individuals in Psychotheraphy must
Must be free from their dependency on others so that their natural impulse toward growth and self-actualization could become active
Maslow psychotherapy is largely on
It is largely an interpersonal process and through a warm, loving, interpersonal relationship with the therapist, the client gains satisfaction of love and belongingness needs and thereby acquires feelings of confidence and self-worth.
Maslow’s theory has been criticized as being
Maslow’s theory has been criticized as being unscientific, using uncontrolled and unreliable research techniques.
3 evaluation of Maslow’s theory
Maslow’s theory has been criticized as being unscientific, using uncontrolled and unreliable research techniques.
His subjects were partially selected and has personal attachment to him
Some individuals seem to become productive and creative even though they have not embraced all the B values or not yet reached self-actualization.
He tended to use ambiguous terms and inconsistent with parts of his theory.
