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Kaitlyn BIO 201 > Lecture Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How does the transverse plane divide the body?

A

Into upper and lower portions

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2
Q

3+ monosaccharides linked together via dehydration synthesis

A

Polysaccharides

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3
Q

Atomic Mass

A

Added number of protons and neutrons

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4
Q

Cranial

A

Towards the head

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5
Q

Highly-branched glucose found in liver, muscle cells, brain, and vagina

A

Glycogen

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6
Q

Umbilical is another name for…?

A

The navel or belly button

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7
Q

Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are all what?

A

Monosaccharides

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8
Q

Protein

A

Several linked polypeptides

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9
Q

pH

A

Measure of ability and willingness of compound to relase or donate H+

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10
Q

How are fatty acids primarily stored?

A

In triglycerides

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11
Q

Phospholipids

A

Triglyceride but with phosphate instead of fatty acid

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12
Q

Name 3 polysaccharides

A
  1. Glycogen
  2. Starch
  3. Cellulose
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13
Q

Upper arm

A

Brachium

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14
Q

Acid

A

Donate H+

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15
Q

How does the sagittal plane divide the body?

A

Into left and right halves

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16
Q

Builds on itself, creating increasingly intense reaction

A

Positive Feedback Loop

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17
Q

Simple sugars are also called what?

A

Monosaccharides

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18
Q

Lateral

A

Toward side

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19
Q

Where does glycolysis happen?

A

Cytoplasm/ intracellular fluid

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20
Q

Prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A

Regulate inflammation

E1 and E3 reduce it, E2 creates it

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21
Q

Hydrogen Bond

A

Weak and temporary bond that allows molecules to be flexible (ex. water)

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22
Q

Lumbar

A

Lower back

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23
Q

What do atoms love most?

A

To have their outer shell filled

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24
Q

Organization Levels

A
  1. atom
  2. molecule
  3. macromolecule
  4. organelle
  5. cell
  6. tissue
  7. organ
  8. organ system
  9. organism
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25
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When atoms join by giving and taking electrons

(ex. NaCl)

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26
Q

Atomic Number

A

Number of protons in the atom (ex. Carbon is 6)

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27
Q

List the 6 functions of proteins

A
  1. energy
  2. structure
  3. catalyst of reaction
  4. communication
  5. membrane transport
  6. cell recognition
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28
Q

The axilla is another name for…?

A

The armpit

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29
Q

Components of sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

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30
Q

Sacral

A

Midline region at the top of the buttocks, below lumbar

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31
Q

Electron shells

A
  1. 2
  2. 8
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32
Q

Enzyme definition

A

proteins that are the catalyst of reactions

(Name ends in -ase)

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33
Q

Polypeptide

A

4+ AA

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34
Q

Proximal

A

Closer to central point of reference/attachment

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35
Q

Chest, heart, lungs, and thymus gland are found in this region

A

Thorax

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36
Q

Which enzyme breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

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37
Q

pH scale generalized

A
  • 0 is acidic
  • 7 is neutral
  • 14 is basic
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38
Q

What are the primary planes of the body?

A

Sagittal, Coronal/frontal, Transverse

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39
Q

Two examples of positive feedback loop

A

Oxytocin/labor contraction loop;

Blood clotting

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40
Q

Feedback in which changes in the body are countered by reactions to stop the change

A

Negative feedback loop

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41
Q

Covalent Bonds

A

sharing electrons between several atoms; primarily in carbon-based compounds

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42
Q

Enzymes go ______ in heat

A

Faster

(they denature if heated too much, ex. eggs)

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43
Q

3 forms of RNA

A
  1. mRNA - messenger, describes AA to make
  2. tRNA - transfer, place AA
  3. rRNA - ribosomal, creates structure of ribosomes
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44
Q

Building block of protein

A

Amino Acid

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45
Q

This is below the diaphragm and contains digestive organs

A

Abdomen

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46
Q

Which body region contains the head and brain?

A

Cranial region

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47
Q

The midline of the body is known as the…?

A

Axial region

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48
Q

Diglyceride + hydrolysis =

A

1 free fatty acid + monoglyceride

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49
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Reverse glycolysis - starts with pyruvic acid and produces glucose

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50
Q

What are the two main divisions of body regions?

A

Axial (midline of body) and Appendicular (arms and legs)

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51
Q

Forearm

A

Antebrachium

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52
Q

What is the primary energy currency of the body?

A

ATP

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53
Q

Posterior

A

Toward back

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54
Q

What is an EFA?

A

An essential fatty acid, not manufactured by the body, mostly anti-inflammatory, ex. omega-3 and 6

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55
Q

Steroids

A

Lipid in 4 rings, cholesterol makes all of them

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56
Q

Tripeptide

A

3 AA in a strand

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57
Q

Long strand of amino acids linked by peptide bond

A

Protein

58
Q

Polysaccharides found in plant cell walls, undigestable for humans, fiber

A

Cellulose

59
Q

Alkaline

A

Receive H+

60
Q

Carries genetic code

A

DNA

61
Q

What are carbohydrates used for?

A
  • Metabolic fuel
  • cell signaling
  • DNA
62
Q

Where does Krebs and ETC take place?

A

Mitochondria

63
Q

3 components of DNA nucleotide

A
  1. Deoxyribose: five-carbon sugar
  2. Phosphate group
  3. Nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
64
Q

3 Subatomic particles of Atom

A
  1. Proton - positive
  2. Neutron - neutral
  3. Electron - negative
65
Q

Which sugar does RNA use?

A

Ribose instead of deoxyribose

66
Q

Superior/Inferior

A

Above/Below

67
Q

What does lactase do?

A

Breaks lactose down into its monosaccharides - glucose and galactose

68
Q

Ventral

A

Toward belly (anterior in humans)

69
Q

Distal

A

More distant from the central point of reference/attachment

70
Q

Pelvic

A

Lower abdomen and hip area

71
Q

Front of elbow

A

Antecubital

72
Q

What links together amino acids?

A

mRNA and tRNA

73
Q

Buttocks

A

Gluteal

74
Q

Negative Feedback Loop Examples

A

Blood sugar;

Holding Breath;

Electrolytes;

Hormones;

pH

75
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward back (posterior in humans)

76
Q

Components of Lactose

A

glucose and galactose

77
Q

What cycles are the primary producers of ATP?

A

Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain

78
Q

The neck is a part of the ________ region?

A

Nuchal

79
Q

What is essential for ATP production?

A

Oxygen

80
Q

Long strands of glucose found in plants that stores energy

A

Starch

81
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

82
Q

Which fat/lipid is

  • burned for metabolic fuel
  • used for insulation
  • used for protection and padding
A

Fatty acids

83
Q

Anterior

A

Toward front

84
Q

Sphingolipids

A

signal transmission and cell recognition in nerve cells

85
Q

Disaccharides

A

2 monosaccharides linked together via dehydration synthesis

86
Q

In what way does the Coronal plane divide the body?

A

Into front and back halves

87
Q

Inguinal

A

Sides of groin on lower abdomen

88
Q

Hexosamindase is the enzyme missing in what disease?

A

Tay-Sach’s

89
Q

Triglyceride + hydrolysis =

A

1 free fatty acid + diglyceride

90
Q

Superior end of femur

A

Femoral

91
Q

Medial

A

Toward midline

92
Q

Back of Knee

A

Popliteal

93
Q
A

Anatomical Position

94
Q

Anaerobic respiration is what?

A

Turning glucose into 2 ATP and lactic acid

95
Q

2 AA linked by dehydration synthesis and peptide bond

A

Dipeptide

96
Q

Components of maltose

A

glucose and glucose

97
Q

What are the 4 molecules that include ribose?

A
  1. mRNA
  2. tRNA
  3. rRNA
  4. ATP
98
Q

What borders the perimeter of the cell?

A

Cell membrane

99
Q

What is the molecule in the lipid family composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group?

A

Phospholipids

100
Q

Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

The fatty acid end

101
Q

What is the phosphate end of a phospholipid?

A

Hydrophilic

102
Q

Lipid bilayer

A
  • two-layer lipid membrane
  • 97% of cell membrane
  • phosphates outside
  • fatty acids inside
103
Q

What makes the cell membrane both more fluid and more stiff?

A

Cholesterol

  • Fluid when cholesterols clump
  • stiff by holding phospholipids still
  • 20% of membrane
104
Q

What are phospholipids with short chains of carbohydrates that face outside the cell?

A

Glycolipids

105
Q

What helps form the glycocalyx?

A

Glycolipids

106
Q

2 functions of transmembrane proteins

A
  1. channel proteins - channel/pore moves ions across membrane
  2. carrier proteins - bind to glucose and electrolytes to transfer across membrane (ex. active transport Na+/K+ pump)
107
Q

“Identification tags” on the outside of the cell

A

Glycoproteins

  • “me” or “not me” identifiers
  • Part of glycocalyx
108
Q

What do hormones bind to?

A

Receptors that trigger changes indside the cell

109
Q

Hormones can go to what 2 places?

A
  1. cell nucleus to change DNA transcription
  2. outside of cell to change phosophoraylation of molecules in the cell
110
Q

Hair-like structures that beat in a sweeping motions causeing substances to move along a tube

A

Cilia, ex. move egg along fallopian tube or lung secretions up trachea

111
Q

Flagella

A

Whip-like tail found on sperm

112
Q

Does the cell membrane contain nucleic acid?

A

No

113
Q

What determines the health of the cell membrane?

A

Me! What we eat dictates the formation of the cells

114
Q

Diffusion

A

substances moving from an area of higher to less concentration

115
Q

If a membrane doesn’t let a substance across it is called?

A

Impermeable

116
Q

Neurons and mitochondria are impermeable to certain ions to what effect?

A

Creating a build-up of ions on one side and then selectively letting them through using gated channels

117
Q

Osmosis golden rules

A
  1. Salt sucks!
  2. water follow salt
118
Q

Utilizes ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient

A

Active transport

ex. Na+/K+ NAKA pump, 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in, requires 1 ATP each turn

119
Q

House of DNA

A

Nucleus

120
Q

Holds genetic code in two strands

A

DNA

121
Q

Function of DNA

A

code for proteins

DNA gives amino acid sequence code

122
Q

Transcription

A

transcribing the DNA into mRNA sequence

123
Q

Translation

A

mRNA leaves nucleus and goes toward ribosome which creates a protein based on that specific nucleotide sequence

124
Q

Normal cell functioning

A

interphase

125
Q

Three phases of interphase

A
  1. G1 phase (Gap 1) - initial growth, normal metabolic function
  2. S Phase - replication of DNA
  3. G2 phase (Gap 2) - preparation for mitosis
126
Q

Replication

A

Doubling of DNA in preparation to divide

127
Q

Mitosis

A

4 step process of cell division

128
Q

4 Phases of Mitosis

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Metaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
  5. Pay Me Any Time
129
Q

Smooth ER

A

involved in lipid and steroid syntheisis and alcohol detox

130
Q

Rough ER

A

houses ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis, encases the proteins in transport vesicle which goes to Golgi

131
Q

Where are proteins synthesized?

A

Ribosomes

132
Q

Function of mRNA and tRNA in ribosome?

A
  • mRNA is fed through the ribosome
  • tRNA bring amino acids to put into the correct order
133
Q

Post office of the organelles?

A

Golgi complex; tags proteins by adding carbohydrate chain which tells cell where to take protein

134
Q

What happens when proteins need to leave the cell?

A

They are encased by transport vesicles in the Golgi and taken out of the cell through exocytosis

135
Q

Lysosome

A

Digest dead of dying cells with powerful enzymes

136
Q

Cell death

A

apoptosis

137
Q

Powerhouse of cell

A

Mitochondria

138
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A
  • generates ATP
  • Houses Kreb’s and ETC
  • utilizes O2 as a hydrogen acceptor and creates water
139
Q

Enzyme that puts the third p in ATP

A

ATP synthase

140
Q
A

Kaitlyn BIO 201 (22 decks)

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