Lecture Quiz 1 Flashcards
How does the transverse plane divide the body?
Into upper and lower portions
3+ monosaccharides linked together via dehydration synthesis
Polysaccharides
Atomic Mass
Added number of protons and neutrons
Cranial
Towards the head
Highly-branched glucose found in liver, muscle cells, brain, and vagina
Glycogen
Umbilical is another name for…?
The navel or belly button
Glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose and deoxyribose are all what?
Monosaccharides
Protein
Several linked polypeptides
pH
Measure of ability and willingness of compound to relase or donate H+
How are fatty acids primarily stored?
In triglycerides
Phospholipids
Triglyceride but with phosphate instead of fatty acid
Name 3 polysaccharides
- Glycogen
- Starch
- Cellulose
Upper arm
Brachium
Acid
Donate H+
How does the sagittal plane divide the body?
Into left and right halves
Builds on itself, creating increasingly intense reaction
Positive Feedback Loop
Simple sugars are also called what?
Monosaccharides
Lateral
Toward side
Where does glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm/ intracellular fluid
Prostaglandins and leukotrienes
Regulate inflammation
E1 and E3 reduce it, E2 creates it
Hydrogen Bond
Weak and temporary bond that allows molecules to be flexible (ex. water)
Lumbar
Lower back
What do atoms love most?
To have their outer shell filled
Organization Levels
- atom
- molecule
- macromolecule
- organelle
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
Ionic bonds
When atoms join by giving and taking electrons
(ex. NaCl)
Atomic Number
Number of protons in the atom (ex. Carbon is 6)
List the 6 functions of proteins
- energy
- structure
- catalyst of reaction
- communication
- membrane transport
- cell recognition
The axilla is another name for…?
The armpit
Components of sucrose
glucose and fructose
Sacral
Midline region at the top of the buttocks, below lumbar
Electron shells
- 2
- 8
Enzyme definition
proteins that are the catalyst of reactions
(Name ends in -ase)
Polypeptide
4+ AA
Proximal
Closer to central point of reference/attachment
Chest, heart, lungs, and thymus gland are found in this region
Thorax
Which enzyme breaks down starch?
Amylase
pH scale generalized
- 0 is acidic
- 7 is neutral
- 14 is basic
What are the primary planes of the body?
Sagittal, Coronal/frontal, Transverse
Two examples of positive feedback loop
Oxytocin/labor contraction loop;
Blood clotting
Feedback in which changes in the body are countered by reactions to stop the change
Negative feedback loop
Covalent Bonds
sharing electrons between several atoms; primarily in carbon-based compounds
Enzymes go ______ in heat
Faster
(they denature if heated too much, ex. eggs)
3 forms of RNA
- mRNA - messenger, describes AA to make
- tRNA - transfer, place AA
- rRNA - ribosomal, creates structure of ribosomes
Building block of protein
Amino Acid
This is below the diaphragm and contains digestive organs
Abdomen
Which body region contains the head and brain?
Cranial region
The midline of the body is known as the…?
Axial region
Diglyceride + hydrolysis =
1 free fatty acid + monoglyceride
Gluconeogenesis
Reverse glycolysis - starts with pyruvic acid and produces glucose
What are the two main divisions of body regions?
Axial (midline of body) and Appendicular (arms and legs)
Forearm
Antebrachium
What is the primary energy currency of the body?
ATP
Posterior
Toward back
What is an EFA?
An essential fatty acid, not manufactured by the body, mostly anti-inflammatory, ex. omega-3 and 6
Steroids
Lipid in 4 rings, cholesterol makes all of them
Tripeptide
3 AA in a strand
Long strand of amino acids linked by peptide bond
Protein
Polysaccharides found in plant cell walls, undigestable for humans, fiber
Cellulose
Alkaline
Receive H+
Carries genetic code
DNA
What are carbohydrates used for?
- Metabolic fuel
- cell signaling
- DNA
Where does Krebs and ETC take place?
Mitochondria
3 components of DNA nucleotide
- Deoxyribose: five-carbon sugar
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogenous base: adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine
3 Subatomic particles of Atom
- Proton - positive
- Neutron - neutral
- Electron - negative
Which sugar does RNA use?
Ribose instead of deoxyribose
Superior/Inferior
Above/Below
What does lactase do?
Breaks lactose down into its monosaccharides - glucose and galactose
Ventral
Toward belly (anterior in humans)
Distal
More distant from the central point of reference/attachment
Pelvic
Lower abdomen and hip area
Front of elbow
Antecubital
What links together amino acids?
mRNA and tRNA
Buttocks
Gluteal
Negative Feedback Loop Examples
Blood sugar;
Holding Breath;
Electrolytes;
Hormones;
pH
Dorsal
Toward back (posterior in humans)
Components of Lactose
glucose and galactose
What cycles are the primary producers of ATP?
Kreb’s Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
The neck is a part of the ________ region?
Nuchal
What is essential for ATP production?
Oxygen
Long strands of glucose found in plants that stores energy
Starch
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine Triphosphate
Which fat/lipid is
- burned for metabolic fuel
- used for insulation
- used for protection and padding
Fatty acids
Anterior
Toward front
Sphingolipids
signal transmission and cell recognition in nerve cells
Disaccharides
2 monosaccharides linked together via dehydration synthesis
In what way does the Coronal plane divide the body?
Into front and back halves
Inguinal
Sides of groin on lower abdomen
Hexosamindase is the enzyme missing in what disease?
Tay-Sach’s
Triglyceride + hydrolysis =
1 free fatty acid + diglyceride
Superior end of femur
Femoral
Medial
Toward midline
Back of Knee
Popliteal
Anatomical Position
Anaerobic respiration is what?
Turning glucose into 2 ATP and lactic acid
2 AA linked by dehydration synthesis and peptide bond
Dipeptide
Components of maltose
glucose and glucose
What are the 4 molecules that include ribose?
- mRNA
- tRNA
- rRNA
- ATP
What borders the perimeter of the cell?
Cell membrane
What is the molecule in the lipid family composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate group?
Phospholipids
Which end of a phospholipid is hydrophobic?
The fatty acid end
What is the phosphate end of a phospholipid?
Hydrophilic
Lipid bilayer
- two-layer lipid membrane
- 97% of cell membrane
- phosphates outside
- fatty acids inside
What makes the cell membrane both more fluid and more stiff?
Cholesterol
- Fluid when cholesterols clump
- stiff by holding phospholipids still
- 20% of membrane
What are phospholipids with short chains of carbohydrates that face outside the cell?
Glycolipids
What helps form the glycocalyx?
Glycolipids
2 functions of transmembrane proteins
- channel proteins - channel/pore moves ions across membrane
- carrier proteins - bind to glucose and electrolytes to transfer across membrane (ex. active transport Na+/K+ pump)
“Identification tags” on the outside of the cell
Glycoproteins
- “me” or “not me” identifiers
- Part of glycocalyx
What do hormones bind to?
Receptors that trigger changes indside the cell
Hormones can go to what 2 places?
- cell nucleus to change DNA transcription
- outside of cell to change phosophoraylation of molecules in the cell
Hair-like structures that beat in a sweeping motions causeing substances to move along a tube
Cilia, ex. move egg along fallopian tube or lung secretions up trachea
Flagella
Whip-like tail found on sperm
Does the cell membrane contain nucleic acid?
No
What determines the health of the cell membrane?
Me! What we eat dictates the formation of the cells
Diffusion
substances moving from an area of higher to less concentration
If a membrane doesn’t let a substance across it is called?
Impermeable
Neurons and mitochondria are impermeable to certain ions to what effect?
Creating a build-up of ions on one side and then selectively letting them through using gated channels
Osmosis golden rules
- Salt sucks!
- water follow salt
Utilizes ATP to pump substances against their concentration gradient
Active transport
ex. Na+/K+ NAKA pump, 3 sodium out, 2 potassium in, requires 1 ATP each turn
House of DNA
Nucleus
Holds genetic code in two strands
DNA
Function of DNA
code for proteins
DNA gives amino acid sequence code
Transcription
transcribing the DNA into mRNA sequence
Translation
mRNA leaves nucleus and goes toward ribosome which creates a protein based on that specific nucleotide sequence
Normal cell functioning
interphase
Three phases of interphase
- G1 phase (Gap 1) - initial growth, normal metabolic function
- S Phase - replication of DNA
- G2 phase (Gap 2) - preparation for mitosis
Replication
Doubling of DNA in preparation to divide
Mitosis
4 step process of cell division
4 Phases of Mitosis
- Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- Pay Me Any Time
Smooth ER
involved in lipid and steroid syntheisis and alcohol detox
Rough ER
houses ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis, encases the proteins in transport vesicle which goes to Golgi
Where are proteins synthesized?
Ribosomes
Function of mRNA and tRNA in ribosome?
- mRNA is fed through the ribosome
- tRNA bring amino acids to put into the correct order
Post office of the organelles?
Golgi complex; tags proteins by adding carbohydrate chain which tells cell where to take protein
What happens when proteins need to leave the cell?
They are encased by transport vesicles in the Golgi and taken out of the cell through exocytosis
Lysosome
Digest dead of dying cells with powerful enzymes
Cell death
apoptosis
Powerhouse of cell
Mitochondria
What does the mitochondria do?
- generates ATP
- Houses Kreb’s and ETC
- utilizes O2 as a hydrogen acceptor and creates water
Enzyme that puts the third p in ATP
ATP synthase
