Chapter 17 - Endocrine Summary Flashcards
When blood pressure falls, what hormones attempt to restore its normal pressure?
Aldosterone and ADH
What are some examples of exocrine function?
Salivary glands, oil glands, sweat glands
Where are the receptors for a lipid-based hormone?
In the nucleus of target cells
Where in the body is the endocrine system located?
Scattered throughout
Long-term stress can lead to what?
Endocrine-related illnesses like hypothyroidism, adrenal fatigue, chronic fatigue, diabetes, cancers, etc.
Which hormones are tropic but don’t have the word tropic in their name?
TSH, LH, and FSH
What is another name of the second messenger system?
Peptide hormones
How do second messenger systems work?
Water-soluble, amino acid-based hormones trigger cascade processes at the cell membrane to influence changes in transcription. Hormone is 1st messenger, binds to receptor, activates G-proteins, activate cAMP to activate enzymes and cellular secretions
What kind of feedback do most hormones use?
Negative feedback (ex. HPT axis, HPA axis)
What is oxytocin an example of?
Positive feedback
What is the primary role of the endocrine system?
Production and regulation of hormones and internal communication system
If a hormone is not lipid-based, what system does it used to influence transcription?
Second messenger system
What systems are controlled by homeostasis?
- Metabolism 2. Growth 3. Reproduction 4. Glucose 5. Na, K, Ca 6. Water 7. Stress
What is cAMP?
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate - the second messenger
What controls which genes a cell expresses?
Genetically-controlled transcription
What hormone uses osmosis to exert its effect?
ADH
HPG Axis
What does the G stand for?
Gonad
Hypothalamus
GnRH
Pituitary
FSH (LH)
Gonads
Estrogen and Testosterone
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine function?
Endocrine secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream Exocrine uses ducts
HPA Axis
Hypothalamus
CRH
Anterior Pituitary
ACTH
Adrenal
Cortisol
What do endocrine glands help the body adapt to?
Changes in the environment, like stress (mental, physical, or emotional)
What is tropism?
The affinity of certain hormones for specific receptors on other endocrine glands
What secretes hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline), ADH, and oxytocin?
Neurons
What is a secondary disorder?
The gland is responding properly, but there is a breakdown somewhere else in the body
What hormone is produced through a positive feedback loop?
Oxytocin
It is suggested that what are the chemical mediators for emotions?
Hormones
Which hormones facilitate an increase in blood glucose concentrations?
Glucagon, cortisol, kind of norepi/epi (under stress)
Does the pancreas use the endocrine or exocrine function?
Both: endocrine releases insulin and glucagon directly to blood, exocrine channels 98% of the hormones into the pancreatic duct
Which hormones enter the cell and directly influence DNA transcription and RNA translation?
Lipid-based hormones
HPT Axis
Hypothalamus
TRH
Anterior Pituitary
TSH
Thyroid
T4/T3
What are the relatives of hormones that enable animals to communicate with animals of the same species?
Pheremones
What 4 physiology concepts does the endocrine system utilize?
Positive feedback, negative feedback, tropism, homeostasis
How do endocrine glands work together?
In a cascade effect (ex. HPA axis)
How many known hormones are there in humans?
50
How does the endocrine system function?
Slower than the nervous system but with longer lasting effects
Where are lipids soluble?
In cell membranes
Which gland is situated above the thalamus?
Hypothalamus
Which glands are found in the lower neck?
thyroid
Which gland hangs by the infundibulum?
Pituitary
Which gland is found behind the sternum?
Thymus
What is another name for lipid-based hormones?
Steroid hormones
What do pheremones do?
They are secreted by exocrine glands and are responsible for syncing menstrual cycles, mate attractants, territory marking, and trail marking (in ants)
When blood pressure falls, what hormones attempt to restore its normal pressure?
Aldosterone and ADH
What secretes minute amounts of hormones into the bloodstream without using ducts?
The endocrine system
Which hormones are stimulated through alterations in blood contents of various components?
Insulin, glucagon, aldosterone, PTH, calcitonin, ADH
Which hormones work in anagonistic pairs?
- leptin-ghrelin
- insulin-glucagon
- calcitonin-PTH
Which gland sits above the kidneys?
Adrenal
What do hormones do within a cell?
Alter functions such as transciption, metabolism, ect.
What is homeostasis?
The tendency of an organism to return to a balanced state
Which hormones have their primary effect at the level of the kidneys?
PTH, Aldosterone, ADH
What is a primary endocrine disorder?
A disorder where the gland itself is either over or under-producing hormones
