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Kaitlyn BIO 201 > Chapter 17 - Endocrine Summary > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Endocrine Summary Flashcards

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1
Q

When blood pressure falls, what hormones attempt to restore its normal pressure?

A

Aldosterone and ADH

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2
Q

What are some examples of exocrine function?

A

Salivary glands, oil glands, sweat glands

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3
Q

Where are the receptors for a lipid-based hormone?

A

In the nucleus of target cells

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4
Q

Where in the body is the endocrine system located?

A

Scattered throughout

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5
Q

Long-term stress can lead to what?

A

Endocrine-related illnesses like hypothyroidism, adrenal fatigue, chronic fatigue, diabetes, cancers, etc.

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6
Q

Which hormones are tropic but don’t have the word tropic in their name?

A

TSH, LH, and FSH

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7
Q

What is another name of the second messenger system?

A

Peptide hormones

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8
Q

How do second messenger systems work?

A

Water-soluble, amino acid-based hormones trigger cascade processes at the cell membrane to influence changes in transcription. Hormone is 1st messenger, binds to receptor, activates G-proteins, activate cAMP to activate enzymes and cellular secretions

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9
Q

What kind of feedback do most hormones use?

A

Negative feedback (ex. HPT axis, HPA axis)

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10
Q

What is oxytocin an example of?

A

Positive feedback

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11
Q

What is the primary role of the endocrine system?

A

Production and regulation of hormones and internal communication system

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12
Q

If a hormone is not lipid-based, what system does it used to influence transcription?

A

Second messenger system

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13
Q

What systems are controlled by homeostasis?

A
  1. Metabolism 2. Growth 3. Reproduction 4. Glucose 5. Na, K, Ca 6. Water 7. Stress
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14
Q

What is cAMP?

A

Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate - the second messenger

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15
Q

What controls which genes a cell expresses?

A

Genetically-controlled transcription

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16
Q

What hormone uses osmosis to exert its effect?

A

ADH

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17
Q

HPG Axis

What does the G stand for?

A

Gonad

Hypothalamus

GnRH

Pituitary

FSH (LH)

Gonads

Estrogen and Testosterone

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18
Q

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine function?

A

Endocrine secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream Exocrine uses ducts

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19
Q

HPA Axis

A

Hypothalamus

CRH

Anterior Pituitary

ACTH

Adrenal

Cortisol

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20
Q

What do endocrine glands help the body adapt to?

A

Changes in the environment, like stress (mental, physical, or emotional)

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21
Q

What is tropism?

A

The affinity of certain hormones for specific receptors on other endocrine glands

22
Q

What secretes hormones like epinephrine (adrenaline), ADH, and oxytocin?

A

Neurons

23
Q

What is a secondary disorder?

A

The gland is responding properly, but there is a breakdown somewhere else in the body

24
Q

What hormone is produced through a positive feedback loop?

A

Oxytocin

25
Q

It is suggested that what are the chemical mediators for emotions?

A

Hormones

26
Q

Which hormones facilitate an increase in blood glucose concentrations?

A

Glucagon, cortisol, kind of norepi/epi (under stress)

27
Q

Does the pancreas use the endocrine or exocrine function?

A

Both: endocrine releases insulin and glucagon directly to blood, exocrine channels 98% of the hormones into the pancreatic duct

28
Q

Which hormones enter the cell and directly influence DNA transcription and RNA translation?

A

Lipid-based hormones

29
Q

HPT Axis

A

Hypothalamus

TRH

Anterior Pituitary

TSH

Thyroid

T4/T3

30
Q

What are the relatives of hormones that enable animals to communicate with animals of the same species?

A

Pheremones

31
Q

What 4 physiology concepts does the endocrine system utilize?

A

Positive feedback, negative feedback, tropism, homeostasis

32
Q

How do endocrine glands work together?

A

In a cascade effect (ex. HPA axis)

33
Q

How many known hormones are there in humans?

A

50

34
Q

How does the endocrine system function?

A

Slower than the nervous system but with longer lasting effects

35
Q

Where are lipids soluble?

A

In cell membranes

36
Q

Which gland is situated above the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus

37
Q

Which glands are found in the lower neck?

A

thyroid

38
Q

Which gland hangs by the infundibulum?

A

Pituitary

39
Q

Which gland is found behind the sternum?

A

Thymus

40
Q

What is another name for lipid-based hormones?

A

Steroid hormones

41
Q

What do pheremones do?

A

They are secreted by exocrine glands and are responsible for syncing menstrual cycles, mate attractants, territory marking, and trail marking (in ants)

42
Q

When blood pressure falls, what hormones attempt to restore its normal pressure?

A

Aldosterone and ADH

43
Q

What secretes minute amounts of hormones into the bloodstream without using ducts?

A

The endocrine system

44
Q

Which hormones are stimulated through alterations in blood contents of various components?

A

Insulin, glucagon, aldosterone, PTH, calcitonin, ADH

45
Q

Which hormones work in anagonistic pairs?

A
  • leptin-ghrelin
  • insulin-glucagon
  • calcitonin-PTH
46
Q

Which gland sits above the kidneys?

A

Adrenal

47
Q

What do hormones do within a cell?

A

Alter functions such as transciption, metabolism, ect.

48
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The tendency of an organism to return to a balanced state

49
Q

Which hormones have their primary effect at the level of the kidneys?

A

PTH, Aldosterone, ADH

50
Q

What is a primary endocrine disorder?

A

A disorder where the gland itself is either over or under-producing hormones

Kaitlyn BIO 201 (22 decks)

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