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Kaitlyn BIO 201 > Lecture - Bone > Flashcards

Lecture - Bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of coverings does a long bone have?

A

Periosteum (outside) and endosteum (medullary cavity)

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2
Q

Where is red blood marrow found?

A
  • In children: in all bones
  • In adults: converted to yellow bone marrow, but some remains in the axial skeleton (skull, vertebrae), and proximal heads of femur and humerus
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3
Q

What are the general features of the epiphyseal plate?

A
  • hyaline cartilage
  • separates epiphysis and diaphysis in children and adolescents
  • growth zone in long bones
  • cartilage expands to create bone length
  • disappears when epiphysis and diaphysis join (around 18-20)
  • epiphyseal line still visible in some adults
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4
Q

What are the 6 steps of endochondral ossification?

A
  1. Mesenchyme develops into a body of hyaline cartilage, covered with fibrous perichondrium
  2. Chondrocytes inflate and die in the primary ossification center in the middle of the cartilage, they calcify, then thin band of bone forms around the middle
  3. Vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, appearance of secondary ossification center
  4. Bone at birth: has enlarged primary marrow cavity and a secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
  5. Epiphyseal plate at distal end, ends filled with spongy bone, growth zone
  6. Adult bone: cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is consumed closing growth plate, primary and secondary marrow cavities merge into one
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5
Q

What does mineralization mean?

A

Mineralization is the processes involved in hardening of bone by deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals; also called “calcification”

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6
Q

What does calcitonin do to osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

A

Osteoclasts are inhibited within 15 minutes

Osteoblasts are stimulated within an hour

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7
Q

What is the name for the study of bones?

A

Osteology

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8
Q

Where are osteogenic cells found?

A

The endosteum, inner surface of periosteum and in central canals

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9
Q

What does calcium do in the body?

A

muscle contraction and bone hardening

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10
Q

What causes hyperexcitability and tetany?

A

Hypocalcemia

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11
Q

What are the 4 types of bone (with example)?

A
  1. Long Bones - femur, humerus
  2. Short Bones - carpals, tarsals
  3. Flat Bones - sternum, cranium
  4. Irregular Bones - scapula, ethmoid
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12
Q

What are the 4 steps of fracture healing?

A
  1. Hematoma formation - blood clot
  2. Soft callus formation
  3. Hard callus formation
  4. Bone remodeling
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13
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

The expanded head of a long bone

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14
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skeleton?

A
  1. Support
  2. Protection
  3. Movement
  4. Blood and immune formation
  5. Electrolyte balance - calcium, phosphorous and magnesium
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15
Q

Describe the organic portion of an osseous tissue

A

It makes up 1/3 of the dry weight of the bone

Composed of Collagen, Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins

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16
Q

What is a fracture where the skin is broken?

A

Open/compound

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17
Q

What is a fracture where the bone is in 3+ pieces or shattered?

A

Comminuted

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18
Q

What is responsible for phosphate and magnesium balance in the blood?

A

Osteocytes

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19
Q

Which hormone is secreted by the thyroid to lower blood calcium?

A

Calcitonin

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20
Q

What serves as the body’s storage for Calcium and Phosphorous?

A

The bones hold 99% of calcium and 90% of Phosphorous

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21
Q

What does the parathyroid gland release to raise blood calcium?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) - moves calcium from bones to blood, stimulates osteocytes and osteoclasts to dissolve matrix (bone resorption)

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22
Q

How many bones are in the human body?

A

Around 206

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23
Q

What kind of bone cell has multiple nuclei (from many fused monocytes) and dissolves matrix by acids and enzymes?

A

Osteoclasts

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24
Q

Describe the general features of the endosteum

A

Reticular connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity

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25
Q

Describe the general features of perforating fibers

A

Collagen fibers of periosteum continuous with matrix

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26
Q

Which cells arise from trapped osteoblasts in the lacunae?

A

Osteocytes - they maintain (but do not make) the matrix (they synthesize the matrix) and manage blood calcium and bone calcium

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27
Q

How are signs and symptoms of leukemia related to a “space issue”?

A

It is cancer of the red bone marrow caused by out of control division of leukocytes, so there is less room for red blood cells and platelets

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28
Q

What is appositional bone growth?

A

Adding, matrix to the surface of the bone, occurs throughout life, widens bones, adds osteons to diaphysis of bone

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29
Q

Bone is twisted

A

Spiral fracture

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30
Q

Which kind of bone growth involves adding matrix to the interior of the bone, involves cartilage, and elongates bones?

A

Interstitial growth

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31
Q

What are the hormones of calcium homeostasis?

A

Calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone
Vitamin D
Calcitrol

32
Q

What kind of fracture happens from abnormal trauma in a normal bone?

A

Stress fracture

33
Q

Where is spongy bone found?

A

At the ends of longs bones and throughout other bones

34
Q

What does an osteoclast release into the bloodstream?

A

Calcium from the bone

35
Q

Describe yellow blood marrow

A

It is found in the shafts of long bones, arises from red blood marrow, can’t make blood cells, contains fat, in extreme situations it reverts to red blood marrow

36
Q

Which cells makes collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the bone matrix?

A

Osteoblasts - they help mineralize and don’t divide, they cement themselves in to form bone

37
Q

Describe a greenstick fracture

A

Bone is broken on one side, bent on the other, common in kids

38
Q

What are the 4 major cell types found in bone tissue and what are their functions?

A
  1. Oteogenic/ osteoprogenitor cells - multiply continually
  2. Osteoblasts - bone-forming cells, activated by calcitonin
  3. Osteocytes - the ones in the lacunae
  4. Osteoclasts - break down bone, activated by PTH
39
Q

In what kind of bone fracture do the ends remain in the anatomical alignment?

A

Nondisplaced fracture

40
Q

Where in the spongy bone is red bone marrow found?

A

Withing the Trabeculae

41
Q

Describe the developmental state of bones at birth

A

Cartilage is still present, especially in the skull

42
Q

What hormone stops the kidney from excreting calcium, activates vitamin D synthesis, and increases phosphate excretion at kidneys?

A

PTH

43
Q

What does Endochondral Ossification do?

A

Produce most of the bones in the body, starts with cartilage model then ossifies into a hard bone

44
Q

What is a diaphysis?

A

Shaft of a long bone

45
Q

Describe the general features of the periosteum

A

Dense irregular connective tissue with some collagen fibers continuous with tendons

46
Q

What happens to cholecalciferol in the body?

A

it is hydroxylated by the liver into calcidiol (D2) and then the kidney into calcitrol (D3)

47
Q

What is the cap of cartilage on the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

Articular cartilage

48
Q

From what do osteogenic cells develop?

A

From mesenchyme (primordial soup, gel with stuff)

49
Q

What does calcitriol do in the body?

A

Elevates blood calcium and phosphorous, bone deposition, increases intestinal absorption of Ca and P, reduces urinary excretion of Ca and P

50
Q

What 7 tissues are found in a bone?

A
  1. Osseous tissue - osteon, osteocytes, canaliculi, lamellae
  2. Blood
  3. Bone Marrow - red and yellow
  4. Articular cartilage
  5. Adipose tissue - in yellow bone marrow
  6. Nervous tissue
  7. Other connective tissue - reticular
51
Q

What is the purpose of the inorganic/organic composition of osseous tissue?

A

Resisting compression, tension, and bending

52
Q

What is the most active form of vitamin D?

A

Calcitrol (D3)

53
Q

What types of cells are produced in bone marrow?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

54
Q

List the 8 general features of long bone

A
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Diaphysis
  3. Metaphysis
  4. Medullary cavity
  5. Spongy (cancellous) bone
  6. Articular cartilage
  7. Nutrient foramina
  8. Coverings: Periosteum and endosteum
55
Q

Where do minerals come from?

A

Diet

56
Q

From what do osteoclasts arise?

A

Monocytes (a type of white blood cell)

57
Q

What are the two primary steps of mineral deposition?

A
  1. Osteoblasts secrete collagen fibers

2. Calcium and phosphorous bind to the collagen fiber surfaces

58
Q

What is hypercalcemia?

A

Too much calcium in the blood, causes depression of the nervous system, muscle weakness, emotional upset, cardiac arrest, ect.

59
Q

Where does the trabeculae develop and why does it develop there?

A

Trabeculae develop along lines of stress to help your bones conform to your level and type of physical activity (how we know about activities of ancient societies)

60
Q

What is the lattice of rods, plates, and spines found in spongy bone called?

A

Trabeculae

61
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Fracture in a bone weakened by disease

62
Q

What is the significance of bones being living tissue?

A

Because they are living they are always changing even when they cease to grow

63
Q

What is a closed fracture?

A

Fracture that doesn’t break the skin

64
Q

Describe the process of mineral resorption

A

Bone calcium and phosphorous are dissolved into the blood by osteoclasts (influenced by hormones)
(think: braces - resorption on one side, deposition on the other to reshape teeth)

65
Q

What is ossification?

A

Formation of bone

66
Q

What is the name of the space inside a long bone that contains yellow marrow?

A

Medullary cavity

67
Q

Which kind of bone growth can occur in adulthood and in which direction does it yield growth?

A

Appositional growth

68
Q

What is the initial form of vitamin D released by the skin?

A

cholecalciferol

69
Q

How does a bone calcify/mineralize?

A

The osteoblasts secrete a matrix (gel) and place minerals in it to harden it

70
Q

How does Calcitonin lower blood calcium?

A

It moves calcium from the blood into the bones

71
Q

Describe the inorganic portion of an osseous tissue and its composition

A
  • Makes up 2/3 of dry weight of bone
  • 85% hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate)
  • 10% calcium carbonate
  • 5% Magnesium, Potassium, Sodium, and Fluorine
72
Q

What is a metaphysis?

A

The narrow portion of a long bone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

73
Q

Which cells are capable of mitosis and are the source of new osteoblasts and osteocytes?

A

Osteogenic/ osteoprogenitor cells

74
Q

What does magnesium do in the body?

A

Relaxes muscles

75
Q

What kind of bones does Intramembranous Ossification produce?

A

Flat bones (ie in the skull) and most of the clavicle

76
Q

What is the function of the ruffled border of an osteoclast?

A

Increasing secretion and absorption surface area

Kaitlyn BIO 201 (22 decks)

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