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Kaitlyn BIO 201 > Lecture - Nerve Tissue > Flashcards

Lecture - Nerve Tissue Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the synapse?

A

The area where one neuron’s synaptic bulb meets up with the target tissue (muscle cell, other neuron, etc.)

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2
Q

What is the microscopic gap between the pre-synaptic neuron and the target tissue?

A

Synaptic Gap

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3
Q

4 kinds of neural circuit

A
  1. Diverging
  2. Converging
  3. Reverberating
  4. Parallel after-discharge
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4
Q

One nerve fiber synapses with several post-synaptic cells, one motor neuron stimulates thousands of muscle fibers

A

Diverging circuit

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5
Q

What’s a converging circuit?

A

Several nerve fibers converge into one neuron, multiple neurons channeled to one area of brain

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6
Q

When do neurons stimulate each other in a linear sequence?

A

Reverberating circuit - some neurons send an axon collateral back to first neuron

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7
Q

What is the name for the brain and spinal cord?

A

Central nervous system

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8
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

All nerve tissues not in the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

What is the PNS divided into?

A
  • somatic nervous system (motor)

- autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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10
Q

What are the 2 primary cell types in nervous tissue?

A
  1. Neuron - transmits nerve impulses

2. Glial cells - support cell (neuroglia)

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11
Q

Which 4 glial cells are in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Ependymal cells
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
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12
Q

Which CNS glial cells constitute 90% of CNS tissue in some parts of the brain, are star shaped, support neurons, and form the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB)?

A

Astrocytes

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13
Q

What do the ependymal cells do in the CNS?

A
  • cubodal epithelium w/no basement membrane
  • line internal brain cavities
  • create cerebrospinal fluid by filtering fluid out of teh choroid plexus
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14
Q

Which glial cells in the CNS form the myelin sheath?

A

Oligodendrocytes - like an octopus

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15
Q

Which glial cells in the CNS act as the immune system?

A

Microglia - phagocytize (eat) dead matter or debris and respond to infections

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16
Q

What 2 glial cells are in the PNS?

A
  1. Schwann cells

2. Satellite cells

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17
Q

Which cells form the myelin sheath in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells (one per)

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18
Q

What is the function of satellite cells in the PNS?

A

Unknown; surround neuron cell bodies

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19
Q

What is the structure of a nerve from the inside out?

A
  • Endoneurium: surround each neuron on the outside of the myelin sheath
  • Perineurium: surrounds each fascicle (bundle of nerves)
  • Epineurium: surrounds the nerve as a whole
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20
Q

Which part of the reflex arch transmits a pain signal from the receptor to the CNS?

A

Sersory (afferent) neuron

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21
Q

What is a sensory receptor?

A

It is a receptor that receives information from the environment, like pain

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22
Q

Which neuron inside the spinal cord connects the sensory neuron with the motor neuron and processes information to make decisions about how to respond to stimuli?

A

Interneuron

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23
Q

Which neuron makes up 90% of the body’s neurons?

A

Interneuron

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24
Q

What is a motor (efferent) neuron?

A

A neuron that carries information from the CNS to muscles and glands

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25
Q

In the reflex arch, what contracts in an adaptive response to the original stimulus?

A

Muscles or glands

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26
Q

What is the name of the cell body of a neuron which contains the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, ribosomes, ect. ?

A

Soma

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27
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

The part of a neuron that receives the nerve impulse from the pre-synaptic neuron or responds to mechanical, electrical, or thermal stimulation

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28
Q

What is the name for the enlarged portion of the nerve axon where the cell body connects with the axon?

A

Axon hillock

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29
Q

What transmits action potential to the synaptic bulb?

A

The axon

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30
Q

What is the synaptic knob/bulb?

A

Enlargement at the end of the axon which contains neurotransmitters

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31
Q

What is the cell membrane around the axon called?

A

Axolemma

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32
Q

What is the outermost layer of a Schwann cell around the neuron called?

A

Neurilemma

33
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

fatty substance surrounding neurons that speeds up impulse transmission

34
Q

What is the name of the small gap between myelin sheaths, about 1 mm apart, where the axon is exposed to extracellular fluid?

A

Node of Ranvier

35
Q

What is the tiny space between the pre-synaptic neuron and the target tissue?

A

Synaptic gap

36
Q

What is the ER also known as when it is found in a neuron?

A

Nissl substance/bodies

37
Q

What is the axon filled with?

A

Cytoplasm filled with a carefully controlled concentration of ions

38
Q

What is resting membrane potential?

A

When the inside of the axon is relatively negative compared to the outside, -70mV

39
Q

What contributes to an axons internal negative charge?

A

Negatively charged proteins along with Potassium (K+)

40
Q

What contributes to the positive charge outside of the axon?

A

Positively charged Sodium ions (Na+)

41
Q

Is the axon permeable or impermeable to Na+ and K+?

A

It is mostly impermeable to Na+ and K+

42
Q

What is a Potassium leak channel?

A

A channel that allows small amounts of K+ to leak out of the cell

43
Q

What is a Sodium leak channel?

A

Allows Na+ to leak into the cell

44
Q

What uses active transport to simultaneously pump 3 Na+ OUT of a cell and 2 K+ IN to a cell?

A

NAKA

45
Q

What is a change in the membrane potential toward zero?

A

Depolarization

46
Q

What is a change in membrane potential back toward the negative?

A

Repolarization

47
Q

What is hyperpolarization?

A

A change in the membrane potential beyond the resting potential (below -70mV)

48
Q

What is the refractory period?

A

The time during depol and repol where the neuron can’t fire

49
Q

What is the threshold for action potential?

A

-55mV

50
Q

What is the all-or-none principle?

A

The idea that the action potential only propagates if and only if the threshold is met

51
Q

What causes the membrane potential to rise from -55mV to +35mV (depolarize)?

A

The opening of sodium voltage-gated channels and the rush of Na+ into the axon

52
Q

What causes repolarization of the axon?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ channels closing and K+ channels opening

53
Q

Why does the action potential usually drop to -72mV (hyperpolarize)?

A

K+ gates stay open longer than Na+ gates

54
Q

How does the axon regain resting potential when it’s in hyperpolarization?

A

NAKA pump

55
Q

What is the name for the movement of action potential down an axon?

A

Propagation or conduction

56
Q

What is propagation an example of?

A

A positive feedback system

57
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

The movement of an action potential down an unmyelinated axon using propagation (depol-repol-depol-repol cycle)

58
Q

How fast is continuous conduction?

A

Relatively slow, 2m/sec

59
Q

What is the movement of an action potential down a myelinated axon?

A

Saltatory conduction

60
Q

How does saltatory conduction work?

A

The neural impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next, recharging at each node

61
Q

How fast is saltatory conduction?

A

Fast; 120m/sec

62
Q

How does synaptic transmission work?

A

Action potential at the synaptic bulb triggers release of calcium into axon which makes vesicles fuse with the membrane and release neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap. NTs bind with target tissue receptors

63
Q

What are the 2 possible outcomes of a synaptic transmission?

A
  1. Target tissue excitation

2. Target tissue inhibition

64
Q

Which NT activates skeletal muscle and autonomic nervous system neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

65
Q

What does Norepinephrine do?

A

Role in sympathetic division of autonomous nervous system; dreaming, waking, elevates mood

66
Q

Which NT is found in the brain’s “pleasure center,” elevates mood, and controls skeletal muscles?

A

Dopamine

67
Q

Which NT has a role in relaxing the body during sleep and elevating mood (“comfy NT”)?

A

Serotonin

68
Q

What is Glycine?

A

It is an inhibitory NT and an amino acid

69
Q

What is GABA?

A

Inhibitor NT and amino acid

70
Q

Which NT (also amino acid) is excitatory, involved in learning and memory?

A

Glutamate

71
Q

What substance causes over-stimulation of Glutamate receptors?

A

Monosodium glutamate

72
Q

Which neural circuit causes you to see the outline of the sun after you have looked away?

A

Parallel after-discharge circuit

73
Q

What is the law of associative memory?

A

The brain’s ability to make memory with synapses

74
Q

What is neural plasticity?

A

the ability of a neuron to disconnect and reconnect elsewhere

75
Q

How many times do you have to see something to remember it?

A

7 times

76
Q

What are brain tumors made of?

A

Glial cells

77
Q

Which autoimmune disease attacks and scars the myelin sheaths causing motor and sensory deficits?

A

Multiple sclerosis

78
Q

Neurologically, how does Ritalin work?

A

Unknown

79
Q

In what 3 ways does the neuron remove NTs from the synapse?

A
  1. Diffusion - movement away from the gap
  2. Enzymatic breakdown - ex. acetylcholinesterase
  3. Reuptake into the pre-synaptic bulb

Kaitlyn BIO 201 (22 decks)

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