Lecture one: phylogeny review & virology

Question 1

systematics

Answer 1

study of diversity of organisms & evolutionary relationships

Question 2

2 parts of classification

Answer 2

taxonomy & phylogeny

Question 3

taxonomy

Answer 3

naming describing and classifing

Question 4

binomial classification

Answer 4

each species has a unique 2 part name: genus and specific epithet

made by: carolus Linnasue

ex. hom sapiens

Question 5

two parts of hierachical classification

Answer 5

species: & hierarchy

each level is more inclusive than the one below

Question 6

levels of classification

Answer 6

domian,kingdom,phylum,class,order,family
genus, species
(dear king philp come out for goodness sake)

Question 7

phylogeny

Answer 7

revolutionary history of species or group

Question 8

taxon

Answer 8

grouping at any level

Question 9

clade

Answer 9

group of species that includes ancestral species and all of its descendants (monophyletic group)

Question 10

phylogenetics

Answer 10

study of evolutionary history of species or group of species

Question 11

phylogenetics are based on

Answer 11

homologous characters

phenotypic & genetics similarities due to shared ancestry

Question 12

characters are

Answer 12

defined attributes of species state

alternate forms of a character ex: 4 legs, present vs absent

Question 13

homologous characters

Answer 13

• inherited from common ancestor
• look different and have different functions
• underlying patterns of bone, muscles & nerves are the same

Question 14

analogous characters

Answer 14

• independently acquired
• similar adaptations in organisms from different lineages
• similar environment, selection pressure & characters
• convergent evolution
• similar structure that serve same function but doesn’t have the history

Question 15

evolution

Answer 15

• genetic changes and alle freq whitin a population

- no changes in individuals

Question 16

natural selection

Answer 16

• acts on variation
• preserves benficial
• removes detrimental

Question 17

obligate intracellular parisite

Answer 17

• invade susceptible host cells
• cannot carry out metabolic actvites on thier own
• survive only by using resources of host cells
• cannot reproduce on its own

Question 18

capsids

Answer 18

• protien coats that surround genetic material
• capsomere - protien subunit
• determin shape
• contains host and virus protien

Question 19

virus replication cycle

Answer 19

1. binds to host cell
2. viral genome enters cell (injected, endocytosis, enveloped virus - fused w/ plasma membrane)
3. genome replication + gene expression
4. assembly
5. exit : blob off, transport proteins, lyse

Question 20

lytic cycle

Answer 20

ends in host cells death - virulent phage

Question 21

lytic cycle steps

Answer 21

1. phage infects cell
2. phage DNA circularizes ( separates from host DNA)
3. Phage replicates
4. cell lyses releasing phage

Question 22

bacterial defenses

Answer 22

mutants that don’t have surface receptors

not recgonized by virus

Question 23

restriction enzymes

Answer 23

• recognizes foreign DNA and CO+

- Bacterial DNA protected by methylation

Question 24

lysogenic cycle

Answer 24

• replication of phage genome w/o destroying host cell

- temperate phage

Question 25

prophage integrated virus

Answer 25

• codes for proteins that prevents transcription of most other viral genes
• does not enter lytic cycle
• replicates along with host chromosome
• can remain indefinitely

Question 26

host cell is good & the environment is good

Answer 26

lysogenic cycle

Question 27

unhealthy host =

Answer 27

lytic cycle