Lecture 5: Animal Diversity

Question 1

heterotrophy

Answer 1

• animals ingest & digest food

- ancestorial trait bc its not unique to just animals

Question 2

animal cell structure

Answer 2

• eukaryotic

- lack cell walls & are multicellular

Question 3

extracellular matrix

Answer 3

• what cells use to communicate with one another
• derived characteristic of animals
• made of protiend that are external to plasma membrane

Question 4

orginization of animals

Answer 4

• ## having muscle and nerve cells give animals ability to move

Question 5

all animals have

Answer 5

specialized cells

Question 6

most animals have

Answer 6

specialized tissues

Question 7

higher forms of animals have

Answer 7

specialized organs

Question 8

animal reproduction

Answer 8

• reproduce sexually with 2n stage dominating life cycle

- meosis & fertilzation occurs

Question 9

what are the steps of embryonic development

Answer 9

1. cleavage
2. blastula
3. gastrulation
4. gastrula
5. some animals develop into adults
6. some will have 1 larval stage
7. development is regulated by gene expression

Question 10

cleavage

Answer 10

series of mitotic divisions without cell growth between divisions

cells will keep getting smaller without the growth

Question 11

blastula

Answer 11

hollow ball of cells that surrounds the blastocoel

Question 12

gastrulation

Answer 12

embryo folds inwards, expands, and fill the blastocoel

Question 13

gastrula

Answer 13

• has endoderm (inner layer) and ectoderm (outer layer)

- has archenteron (pouch) which eventually becomes the digestive system (gut) of the embryo

Question 14

metamorphosis

Answer 14

• process which larva goes from larva to a juvenile stage which resembles and adult

Question 15

homeobox genes

Answer 15

• genes that code for proteins that regulate the expression of developmental genes
• homologous in all eumetazoans ( derived characteristic)

Question 16

hox genes

Answer 16

important role in embryonic development

Question 17

body plans

Answer 17

a particular set morphological and development characters, character represents key steps of evolution of animals

Question 18

specialized tissues

Answer 18

• first major step in animal evolution

Question 19

symmetry

Answer 19

• arrangement of body structures in relation to the axis of the body

Question 20

radial symmetry

Answer 20

• multiple planes can be drawn to divide the animals into mirror images
• tend to be sissle ( dont move around)

Question 21

bilateral symmetry

Answer 21

one plane through the midline

- associated with cephilization

Question 22

asymmetry

Answer 22

• no line can produce mirror image ( porifera, sponges)

Question 23

germ layers

Answer 23

concentric layers of embryonic tissue

Question 24

ectoderm

Answer 24

outer coverings and the nervous system in some of the phyla

Question 25

endoderm

Answer 25

lines archenteron that forms during gastrulation. endoderm develops into the lining of the digestive tube

Question 26

mesoderm

Answer 26

gives rise to most other body structures such as muscles, skeleton and circulatory systems

Question 27

coelom

Answer 27

fluid filled space between body wall and digestive tube

only triploblasts have a coelom

Question 28

acoelomate

Answer 28

tribloblastic but lack a coelom, bodies are solid with no fluid cavity

Question 29

pseudocoelomate

Answer 29

fluid filled coelom, body is formed from endoderm and mesoderm but it is not completly lined with mesoderm

Question 30

eucleolomate

Answer 30

true coelom, body cavity is completly lines with mesoderm

Question 31

animal development

Answer 31

1. cleavage
2. cooelom formation
3. fate of the blastospore

Question 32

protostomes

Answer 32

• first mouth
• cleavage is spiral, and determinate
• solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom
• develops into the mouth

Question 33

deuterostomes

Answer 33

• second mouth
• cleavage is radical, planes are parrel or perpindicuale
• indeterminate
• folds of mesoderm from archenteron form coelom
• becomes anus