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bio > lecture 10: Plant Physiology > Flashcards

lecture 10: Plant Physiology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the two systems in plants

A

root system & shoot system

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2
Q

describe the root system

A
  • below ground
  • absorption
  • bringing water in
  • stability
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3
Q

describe the shoot system

A
  • above ground
  • stems, leaves, flowers, and fruit
  • photosynthesis, reproductive structures
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4
Q

what is the hierarchical orginization of plants

A
  1. cells
  2. tissues
  3. tissue system
  4. organs
  5. roots
  6. stems
  7. leaves
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5
Q

describe roots

A
  • underground in soil

- anchor to ground

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6
Q

what are the functions of roots

A
  • absorb minerals and water

- store carbs, sugar, starches, and other reserves, vegetables

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7
Q

what are root hairs

A
  • thin extensions of root epidermal cells
  • where water enters ( osmosis)
  • primarily near tip of elongated roots
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8
Q

describe the stems

A
  • plant organs bearing leaves and buds
  • elongate and orient shoot to maximize photosynthesis
  • elevate reproductive structures - increase pollen and seed dispersal
  • photosynthesis, sometimes
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9
Q

describe the leaves

A
  • main photosynthetic organ in vascualr plants
  • capture light, gas exchange ( wide surface area, thin so light can pentrate hit chloroplasts, spines in cacti are defensive)
  • photosynthesis
  • may help attract pollinators
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10
Q

what is the dermal tissue system

A
  • outer protective covering
  • nonwoody plants ( epidermis, cuticle)
  • wood plants ( periderm)
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11
Q

epidermis

A

single layer of tightly packed cells ( green non-woody plant)

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12
Q

cuticle

A

waxy coating- prevent water loss/ desiccation ( all land plants, not cells, layer of wax) -> protects against sun damage, herbavores)

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13
Q

periderm

A
  • (bark) replaces epidermis, all plant epidermis, only some plants bark,
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14
Q

what are the functions of the dermal tissue

A
  • defence, absorbtion
  • reduce water loss, reflect sunlight, protect
  • roots: absorption of water, minerals at root hairs
  • leaves,stem: gaurd cells- specialized cells in shoots - gas exchange - open and close stomata, protection
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15
Q

ground tissue system

A
  • most of plant ( mesoderm of plant)
  • anything not vascualr or dermal
  • between outside and transport parts
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16
Q

the ground tissue system included cells specialized for

A
  • storage
  • photosynthesis
  • support
  • short distance transport
    -metabolism
  • ## storage
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17
Q

Vascular tissue system

A
  • transports materials throughout plant body
  • long distance transport: water, sugar, hormones, minerals
  • xylem cells: strong, structural support ( looks like straws)
18
Q

xylem

A
  • conducts H20, dissolved minerals upwards from roots into atmosphere
  • water and minerals: from roots -> sky
19
Q

phloem

A
  • transport sugars from where made (mostly leaves) to where needed ( usually roots and sited of growth)
  • sugar and hormones around plant
20
Q

water movement through xylem

A
  1. atmosphere
  2. stomata
  3. leaf mesophyll
  4. leaf xylem
  5. stem xylem
  6. root xylem
  7. root tissue
  8. soil
21
Q

cohesion-tension hypothesis

A
  • during photosynthesis, stomata open H20 leaves
  • sun rises -> photosynthesis + evaporation _> stomata open -> transpiration
  • water is pulled upwards
22
Q

transpiration

A
  • water leaving the plant, loss of water through evaopartion at the leaf surface
  • negative pressure pulls water up
  • passive process- No ATP involved
  • plant can control this: opening and closing of stomata ( gaurd cells in epidermis regulate how fast water is moving)
23
Q

cohesion

A

H20 sticks with H bonds

24
Q

adhesion

A

H20 sticks to other things with H bonds (xylem is polar, water is polar)

25
Q

describe cohesion tension

A
  1. h20 in stem xylem pulled into leaves
  2. h20 in root xylem pulled into stem
  3. creates a void, area of low pressure
  4. pulling, negative pressure
  5. cohesion, pulling water molecules- high pressure -> low pressure (adhesion between water and plant)
26
Q

Phloem conducts dissolved sugar

A
  • bidirectional movement - translocation (mechanism)
  • moves source (surplus) -> sink (net demand)
  • not constabt, always move
  • phloem eating enscets are devestiating to plant, increase pressure, rob plant of suagar
27
Q

sink

A

area of storage or metabloism

28
Q

source

A

area with excess sugar

29
Q

pressure- flow - hypothesis

A
  • explanation for movements of sugars in pholem
  • suggests translocation occurs via pressure gradient
  • at source - high pressure - sugar loaded into phloem
  • at sink - low pressure - sugar removed from phloem
30
Q

plasmodesmata

A
  • cytoplasmic connections
  • allows molecules, ions to pass between cells, without PM or cell wall
  • important for plant transplant
  • no energy costs across membrane
31
Q

indeterminate growth

A
  1. occurs throughout life of plant
  2. due to perpetually dividing unspecialized tissue
  3. depends on situation, not final form
  4. grow only at apical meristems ( at the tip)
32
Q

1 degree growth

A
  • increase length by adding more cells ( result of growth at the meristem)
  • all plants have 1 degree growth
33
Q

seq 1 degree growth

A
  • plants grow up and down from tips
  • enlogation
  • bike tree
34
Q

2nd degree growth

A
  • increases girth (circumference) of plant
  • lateral meristems - vascular and growth tissue , gain width
  • only woody plants have 2 degree growth
35
Q

hormones

A

internal chemical signal

36
Q

plant hormone

A

growth regulators, may have multiple effects, stress ( no water no sunlight

37
Q

what are auxins

A

1st planthormone discovered - affects phototropism

38
Q

what are tropisms

A

directional growht responce to environmental stimulus - often due to hormones `

39
Q

what are the directions of tropisms

A

positive - growth towards stimulus ( leads grow towardss light)

negative - grows away from stimulus ( root grows away from light)

40
Q

seq phototropism

A
  1. light exposed - auxins produced
  2. triggers enlogation
  3. shade side enlogates -> plant bends towardss light
  4. light side- not effected

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