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bio > Lecture 11: Homeostasis > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Homeostasis Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homeostasis

A

the steady state of physiological conditions in the body

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2
Q

feedback stimulation

A

stimulus -> response

increase or reduce stimulus -> stimulus

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

response to a stimulus reduces stimulus

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4
Q

seq negative feedback

A

A cause B
B inhibits A
A goes away
B goes away

  • opposite direction of stimulus
  • equilibrium, maintains set point, normal range
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5
Q

positive feedback

A

response to stimulus amplifies stimulus

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6
Q

seq positive feedback

A 
A cause B 
B amplifies A
Stronger B, A stronger B 
- same direction of stimulus 
- physiological change in birth, contractions, ovulations 
- more extreme
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7
Q

all animals must do what regarding homeostasis

A
  • regulate internal environment

- exchange with outside environment, food, waste products

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8
Q

regulator mechanism

A
  • uses internal mechanism to control internal change regardless of external fluctuations
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9
Q

what is a result of regulator mechanism

A
  • variable maintained at/near set point ( specific value) or normal range ( upper & lower limit)
  • set point or range maintained by negative feedback
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10
Q

seq regulator

A
  1. normal range for internal variable
  2. stimulus: change in internal variable
  3. sensor
  4. control center
  5. response
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11
Q

conformer mechanism

A

allows internal environment to vary with certain external changes

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12
Q

osmoregulation

A
  • regulation of solutes and water

- osmosis

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13
Q

hyperosmotic

A
  • higher solute concentration

- lower free h2o concentration

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14
Q

hypoosmotic side

A
  • lower solute concentration

- higher free h2o concentration

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15
Q

netwater flow

A

hypo to hyper

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16
Q

protocells

A
  • maintain homeostasis
  • internal environment different from outside
  • distinct chemical environment inside vs. outside
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17
Q

paramecium

A
  • unicellular protists (alveolates )
  • generally freshwater (hypotonic env) -> water moves in via osmosis
  • pumps water out to maintain water balance, prevents lysis
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18
Q

contractile vacuole

A

organelle for osmoregulation

19
Q

jellyfish

A
  • Phylum Cnidatria
  • Diploblastic development: 2 adult tissue layer
  • no circulatory system: all movement via diffusion
  • flat morphology
20
Q

diffusion sufficient for simple animals

A
  • every cell is close to fluid
  • inside or outside
  • most animals more complex (even tiny ones)
21
Q

plants

A
  • adapted for terrestrial life, but still require water
  • cuticle
  • vascular tissue
  • seed plants: pollen and seeds
22
Q

humans

A

terrestrial animals

- take our marine environment with us on the inside ( maintains conditions, gases, pH, solutes)

23
Q

terrestrial adaptations

A

amniotic sac: scales/skin, excretory system

24
Q

living organisms are

A

open systems

25
Q

living organisms must exchange with

A

environment: nutrients, waste products, and gases

substances dissolve in aqueous solution -> move across PM of each cell

puts limits on body plans

26
Q

single celled organisms

A

SA:VOL: good enough to carry out all exchange

27
Q

animals

A
  • multicellular
  • exchange occurs across PM of each cell
  • every cell must have access to aqueous environment
28
Q

compact masses of cells

A
  • most animals

- increase # of celles decrease ration of outer SA to total Vol

29
Q

specialized surfaces for exchange

A
  • extensive branching or folding -> increases SA

- usually internal -> protected

30
Q

internal body fluids

A

link exchange surfaces with body cells

31
Q

interstitial fliud

A

fills spaces between cells

32
Q

circulatory fluid

A

ex: blood

33
Q

thermoregulation: endotherms

A

internal process

34
Q

ectotherms

A

exchange from body to environment or environment to body

35
Q

constraints on animals

A
  • body size/shape limited by physical laws
36
Q

complexity & orginization of animals

A
  • allows animal to maintain relatively stable internal environment in a changeable external environment
  • especially advantageous for terrestrial animals
37
Q

hierarchical orginization of animal

A
  1. cell -> basic unit
  2. tissue: groups of cells with similar structure and function
  3. organ: different tissues organized into fucntion unit
  4. organ system: organs that work tg
  5. organism: result of emrgent properties
38
Q

what are the 4 types of tissue in an animal

A
  • epithelial
  • connective
  • muscle
  • nervous
39
Q

endocrine system

A
  • system for coordinating and controling respoce to stimuli

- signaling by horomones

40
Q

nervous systems

A

-signaling by nerve stimuli

41
Q

endocrine regulation

A

involves hormones & feedback regulation

hormone is released by specfic cells & travels through body

cause physiological responce

42
Q

examples of endocrine regulation

A

blood gluscoe regulation

43
Q

antagonistic (endocrine system)

A

insulin -> stores sugar

glucagon -> releases sugar

44
Q

organs (endocrine system)

A

pancreas: makes hormones
liver: stores glycogen

bio (17 decks)

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