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bio > Lecture 17: Development II > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Development II Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Morphogenesis

A

process by which animals takes shape

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2
Q

gastrulation

A

embryonic tissue layers

- reorganization of hollow blastula into gastrula

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3
Q

what are the embryonic germ tissue layers

A

ectoderm -> outer layer
endoderm > lines embryoynic digestive tract
mesoderm -> line between ecto & endo

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4
Q

` migration in sea urchin

A

mesenchyme cells migrate from vegetal ppole into blastocoel

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5
Q

invaginaton takes place at the

A

vegatol pole

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6
Q

filopodia in sea urchin

A

mesenchyme cells produce filopodia which extend toward blastocoel wall

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7
Q

contraction in sea urchin

A

filopodia contract and drag archenteron across blastocoel archenteron ( future digestive tube) forms from endodem cells

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8
Q

fusion in sea urchin

A

archenteron fuses with blastocoel wall

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9
Q

frog germ layers turn into

A

distinct set of stuructures

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10
Q

frog grastulation begins at

A

dorsal side of blastula at gray cresent ( opposite side of sperm entry)

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11
Q

what determines axis of development

A

sperm entry

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12
Q

invagination in frogs

A
  • cells on dorsal side invaginate to form blastopore producing dorsal lip
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13
Q

involution in frogs

A

as a blastosphere forms , a sheet of cells spreads out of animal hemisphere ->

  • rolls over dorsal lip & inward
  • moves into interior
  • forms endoderm and mesoderm
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14
Q

what is the second step of gastrulation in frogs

A

archenteron forms and blastocoel shrinks

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15
Q

3 germ layers in gastrulation

A

ectoderm - from cells remaining on surface
- endoderm - innermost layer
mesoderm - inbetween the two

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16
Q

blastocyst in humans consists of

A
  • trophoblast - outer layer of cell
  • inner cell mass
  • blastocoel - central cavity
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17
Q

blostocyst reaches uterus after

A

6 days after fertilization

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18
Q

what happens when the blastocyst implants

A
  • trophoblast secretes enzymes
  • erodes area of penetraion
  • thickens and extends projections into endometrium
  • 7 after fertilization
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19
Q

what layers are formed by the inner mass cells

A

hypoblast (inner)

epiblast (outer layer): embryo proper, source of embryonic stem cells

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20
Q

chorion

A
  • sourronds embryo & all other membranes
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21
Q

amnion

A
  • encloses embryo in fliud filed amniotic cavity
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22
Q

yolk sac

A

forms blood cells

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23
Q

allantois

A

incorperated into umbilical cord -> forms blood vessels

24
Q

gastrulation in humans

A
  • takes one week ( during 2nd and 3rd week)
25
Q

involution of epiblast cells

A
  • form primative streak -> start of gastrulation
  • some epiblast cells form w mesoderm, some mix with hypoblast ( forms endodemr) , some remain on surface ( form ectoderm)
26
Q

what are the 4 extraembryonic membranes

A

amnion, chorion, yolk sac, and allantois

27
Q

seq steps of human embryonic development

A
  1. ovulation
  2. ferritization
  3. cleavages
  4. implantation
  5. gastrulation
28
Q

organogenesis

A
  • process of organ formation

- 1st time ebryo begins to incease in size

29
Q

nervous system

A

1st system to develop in most vertebrate embryos

30
Q

neurulation

A

neurala -> embryo at state where neurotization occurs

31
Q

neurula

A
  • embryo at stage when neurulation occurs
32
Q

during neurulation

A
  1. cells from dorsal mesoderm form notochord
  2. induction
  3. neural plate
  4. neural tube develops into central nervous system
  5. birth defects
33
Q

induction

A
  • process by which certain cells stimulate differentiation of neighboring cells
34
Q

what happens during induction

A

developing notochord sends signal to overlying ectoderm -> thickens and forms neural plate

35
Q

neural plate

A
  • embryonic region that becomes nervous system

- neural plate rolls up and forms neural tube -> chordate nerve chord is hollow

36
Q

what are the two main parts of the central nervous system

A

anterior -> brain

remainder -> spinal chord

37
Q

anencephaly

A

neural tube fails to fuse at anterior -> no forebrain

38
Q

spina bifida

A

neural tube fails to fuse in posterior region

39
Q

neural tube defect incidence decreases if

A

preggo woman gets adequate folic acid

40
Q

neural crest cells ( cell migration)

A
  • develops at the neural tube
  • migrate in embryo
  • variety of tissues : nerves, parts of teeth, skull bones
41
Q

somites

A
  • role in organizing segmented structure of vertebrate body
42
Q

somites contribute to

A

formation of serially repeating structures

ex: vertebrae, ribs, associated muscles

43
Q

1st trimester ( 3 months)

A
  1. implanted embryo secrets human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
    - main process of organogenesis
44
Q

(hCG)

A
  • Functions like LH from ant pit

- maintains secretion of Progesterone’s and estradione

45
Q

what happens during the first 2-4 weeks of first trimester

A
  • embryo obtains nutrients directly from endometrium
46
Q

what happens with the trophoblast during the first trimester

A

mixes with endometrium -> forms placenta

47
Q

placenta

A
  • organ of exchange between mother and embryo
  • provides nutrients and oxygen for fetus
  • removes waste -> excreted by mother
48
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • connects embryo to placenta
49
Q

what sometimes splits during the first month

A
  • inner cell mass
  • 2 groups of cells which develop independently
  • if mass doesn’t separate completely = conjoined twins
50
Q

fraternal twins

A
  • result from release & fertilization of two eggs = generally distinct
51
Q

at 8 weeks

A

all major structures have formed: embryo is a fetus

52
Q

end of first trimester

A
  • 2 inches long & weighs 1/2 oz
53
Q

2nd trimester ( 4-6)

A
  • fetus grows - uterus grows
  • can tell ur preggo
  • fetus is active
54
Q

3rd trimester (7-9)

A
  • rapid growth and final differentiation of tissues and organs
55
Q

premature

A

birth before 37 weeks

56
Q

postnatal care in mammals

A
  • lactation

bio (17 decks)

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