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bio > lecture 14: Reproduction I > Flashcards

lecture 14: Reproduction I Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

single parent -> 2+ offspring, identical to parent, clones each other

has no meosis, gamete fusion, or recombination

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2
Q

budding

A
  • grows a little offspring (bud)
  • GETS BIGGER
  • pinches off
  • individual (mitosis)
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3
Q

fission

A

one organism -> 2 organisms ( aprox. equal size)

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4
Q

fragmentation

A

cut the organisms into pieces. each piece grows into an adult

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5
Q

parthenogenesis

A

the queen lays eggs. can be fertilized ( bes, termites, ants)

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6
Q

asexual reproduction advantages

A
  • rapid, many offspring in short time

- dont need to find a mate

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7
Q

sexual reproduction is

A

reproduction involving production and fusion of gametes = crossing

involves fertilization: fusion of sperm (n) + egg(n) -> zygote (2n)

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8
Q

sperm

A

small, motile, flagellated

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9
Q

egg (ovum)

A

large, nonmotile, contains nutrients for embryo ( mitochondria)

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10
Q

what are some disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • reproductive cost -> only 1/2 of population can actually reproduce
  • 50% male 50% female - only females can reproduce ( produce offspring)
  • asexual- doubles every generation
  • sexual - stays the same
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11
Q

advantages of sexual reproduction

A
  • promotes genetic diversity through meiosis

- new combos of alleles through recombination

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12
Q

sexual recombination

A
  • gets rid of harmful alleles or combos of alleles
  • offspring may be more fit than parents
  • having greater diversity, most likely some population can survive environmental changes
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13
Q

what are the 2 functions of the male reproductive system

A
  1. produce sperm ( spermtogenesis)

2. deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

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14
Q

testes

A
  • singular = (testis)

- male gonads ( reproductive organs) - site of gametogenesis

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15
Q

seminferous tubes

A
  • site of spermatogenis
  • long hollow tubes, very small diameter ( coiled up back and forth within testes -> increase surface area for production) can do more process
  • testes
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16
Q

leydig cells

A
  • produce testosterone, other male sex horomones
  • scattered between seminiferous tubules ( floating arounf, surrounding tubules)
  • testes
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17
Q

epididymis

A
  1. Coiled tube, several functions:
    a) Transport sperm - takes about 3 weeks for sperm cell to move through the epididymis once enters
    b) Maturation of sperm finishes in epididymis
    c) Storage of sperm until its releases
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18
Q

scrotum

A

Skin covered sac that contains the testes and epididymis

Suspended from the groin so it as a cooling unit (this is because sperm cells cannot develop at body temperature)

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19
Q

penis

A
  • copulatory organ
  • delivers sperm into female reproductive tract
  • urethra down middle of penis
  • excretory system, how you pee
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20
Q

Erectile tissue

A

3 parallel columns of tissue

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21
Q

glans

A

tip of penis, contains most sensory nerves

22
Q

prepuce

A

foreskin, cuff of loose fitting skin, often removes

23
Q

penis anatomy

A

b) During sexual stimulation - NO released → smooth muscle relaxes (than surrounds blood vessels leading into erectile tissue) → more blood flow and fluid retained in tissue
(1) Tissue swells as blood flows in, veins compressed (liquid stays in there)
(2) Blood enters faster than it leaves - hydrostatic skeleton (erect penis)

24
Q

seminal vesicles produce fluid rich in

A
  1. fructose: E for sperm after ejaculation ( need to swim, semen has food source)
  2. prostaglandins: stimulate contracts of uterus: helps move sperm up the female reproductive tract
25
Q

seminal vesicles secrete ..

A

into vas defrans

26
Q

semen volume has …

A

60% has yellow pigment, fluoreces under UV light- foresnically important

27
Q

the prostate gland contains …

A

a) Contains anticoagulant enzymes (don’t want semen to be thick, prevents sperm from swimming) and citrate (nutrient) have to swim a lot, need food)

28
Q

prostate glands secrete into

A

urethra ( surrounds it)

29
Q

the prostate gland is a common site to what disease

A
  • cancer in men over the age 50
  • 1/2 of men over age 40 have enlarges prostate
  • 3% of men die form prostate cancer
30
Q

bulbouretheral glands

A
  • 2 small glands (pair) on either side of urethra

- 1st gland secretes into urethra during sexual arousal ( bulbourethral fluid)

31
Q

mucus in bulbourethral gland

A

neutralizes any acidic urine thats in urethra

(1) Acidity would damage or kill sperm
(2) Need to neutral so sperm can be successful

32
Q

semen

A

a) Mixture of sperm and fluid from accessory glands

Secretion of 3 glands + Sperm from epididymis = Semen

33
Q

sperm moves through

A
  • conducting tubes

- mixed with secretions from the 3 accessory glands

34
Q

sperm paths

A

testes contains seminiferous tubules, go to epididymis, travels through/stores/ mature in epididymis

35
Q

vas deferens

A
  • sperm ducts - 1 from each epididymis

- extend from scrotum to pelvic cavity ( all the way around bladder)

36
Q

ejaculatory duct

A
  • passes through prostate gland, joins urethra
37
Q

urethra

A

carries urine and semen out through penis

38
Q

spermatogenesis

A
  • production of mature sperm cells

- takes - 7 weeks, occurs continuosly in males

39
Q

embryonic

A

primordial germ cells divide, differentiate into spermatogonial stem cells ( dont do anything untill puberty )

40
Q

mature testes

A

a) Spermatogonia stem cells divide via mitosis
→ Spermatogonia (2n)
(1) Undifferentiated cells in walls of seminiferous tubules
(2) Maintained via mitotic divisions (can stay spermatogonium or specialize →
b) Some become 1° spermatocytes (about 3 million/day) in avg. male

41
Q

process of sprematogenesis

A
  • 1 degree sprematocyte
  • divides via meosis
  • meiosis 1 - 2 degree spermatocyte (n) 2 of them
  • meisosis 2 - spermatids (n) 4 of them
  • each differentiates into mature spem cell
42
Q

mature sperm cell

A

head: haploid nucleus , acrosome
midpiece: all the mitochondria ( need alot to swim) , mitochondria from mothers in zygote ( only head fuses)
tail: allows to swim

43
Q

male endocrinology

A

hormonal regulation of male reproduction

44
Q

adrogens

A
  • princible sex hormones in males

- testosterone most important

45
Q

signaling pathway

A

Same as thyroid hormone and adrenal cortex
1. Hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
→ AP releases 2 gonadotropins (tropic hormones that target gonads) - luteinizing hormone (LH) , follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

46
Q

Luternizing hormone ( LH)

A
  • targets leydig cells ( testes, gonads for males)
47
Q

leydig cells

A

produce, secrete testosterones, and other androgens

48
Q

testosterone

A

(1) High levels in testes required for spermatogenesis to work correctly.
If don’t have enough testosterone → less spermatogenesis
(2) 15-200 million sperm/mL semen - healthy
(3) <15 million/mL - low sperm count (low levels of testosterone)

49
Q

period of sexual maturation

A
  • adolecent growth spurt
  • growth of 1 ° male charecteristics - growth of sex orgrans (penis and tetstes)
  • growth of 2° male sex xharecterisitc
50
Q

what are the 2° sex charecteristics in males

A

physical, behavorial differencces between males & females not related to reproduction
- facial/body hair, deep voice, muscle development

51
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A
  • stimulates development of seminiferous tubules

- stimulates sertoli cells 9 found in testes) to produce, secrete androgen binding protiens (ABP)

52
Q

ABP

A

(1) Binds testosterone
(2) Helps maintain high testosterone levels (spermatogenesis occur correctly)
(3) Allows testosterone to be sequestered
(4) FSH secretion inhibited by inhibin - peptide hormone secreted by Sertoli cells (inhibits FSH) negative feedback

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