Lecture Exam 4 Flashcards
common names of echinoderms
sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucombers, brittle stars
what phylum are vertebrates a part of
Chordata
are echinoderms and chordates deuterostomes or protostomes
deuterostomes
where do echinoderms live
marine
first characteristic of echinoderms
3 part (tripartite) coelom
what kind of coelom do echinoderms have
tripartite
second characteristic of echinoderms
unique water vascular system
water vascular system
a network of canals branching into tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding
third characteristic of echinoderms
all members have a calcareous endoskeleton
what kind of skeleton do echinoderms have
calcareous endoskeleton
fourth characteristic of echinoderms
spiny endoskeleton
characteristics of echinoderm endoskeleton
consists of plates or ossicles covered by the epidermis
fifth characteristic of echinoderms
possess pedicellariae and dermal branchia
sixth characteristic of echinoderms
bilateral larva, undergo metamorphosis into radial symmetry in adults
seventh characteristic of echinoderms
nervous system with no brain or sensory organs
eighth characteristic of echinoderms
triploblastic
ninth characteristic of echinoderms
complete digestive system
tenth characteristic of echinoderms
regenerate lost parts
eleventh characteristic of echinoderms
excretory organs absen
twelfth characteristic of echinoderms
separte sexes, external fertilization, larval stage with metamorphosis
5 classes of echinodermata
-Asteroidea
-Ophiuroidea
-Echinodea
-Holothuridea
external features of Asteroidea
-central disc with 5 arms extending
-mouth is on the underside
-oral and aboral surface
-ambulacrum runs from the mouth to the tip of each arm
-ambulacral groove bordered by rows of tube feet
-radil nerve located in center of each ambulacral groove
-under the nerve is an extension of the coelom and the radial canal of the water vascular system
where does the water vascular system open to the outside
madreporite
where does madreporite lead to
stone canal
where does stone canal lead to
ring canal
where does ring canal lead to
radial canals
what is the inner end of each tube foot called
ampulla
-within coelom
ampulla purpose
contract fo`rcing fluid into and extending the podium
Asteroidea nervous system
-oral system of a nerve ring and radial nerves coordinate the tube feet
-sense organs include an eyespot at the tip of each arm
Asteroidea reproduction, regeneration, and autonomy
-dioecious
-external fertilizatio
-regenerate lost parts
-larval stage
regenerate lost parts
-cast off injured arms and regenerate new ones
-arm can regenerate a new sea star is 1/5 of central disc is present
larval stage of Asteroidea
-free-swimming larva
-bilateral bipinnaria
-larvs grows 3 adhesive arms and a sucker at the anterior (brachiolaria)
metamorphosis of Asteroidea
-brachiolaria attaches to substrate and undergoes metamorphosis into a radial juvenile
-arms and tube feet appear, animal detaches from stalk and becomes a young sea star
characteristics of class Ophiuroidea
-5 movable plates act as jaws and surround mouth
-no anus
-visceral organs are in the central disc (arms too slender to accommodate them)
-stomach sac-like
-no intestine
Class Echinoidea characteristics
-sea urchins and sand dollars
-sea urchins lack arms but their tests show 5 part symmetry
Class Holothuroidea characteristics
-no spines, reduced endoskeleton, body wall leathery
-cephalization absent
-secondary bilaterality present
-5 rows of tube feet
-oral tentacles are 10-30 tube feet surrounding the mouth
-eject their stomachs for defense
do sea cucumbers have cephalization
no
main charactristics of phylum Chordata
-dorsal, tubular nerve cord
-notochord
-pharyngeal slits
-endostyle
-post anal tail
notochord
-always found at some embryonic stage in chordates
-first part of the endoskeleton to appear in the embryo
-muscles attach to notochord
dorsal tubular nerve cord
-single, tubular cord is dorsal to digestive track
-anterior end enlarges to form brain
pharyngeal pouches
-lead from pharyngeal cavity to outside
-envagination of endoderm of pharynx
endostyle
-recent, new chordate characteristic
-found in all chordates
-secrete iodinated proteins homologous with the iodinated-hormone secreting thyroid gland of adult lampreys and other vertebrates
post anal tail
-motility to swim
-efficiency increased in fishes but became smaller in later lineages
Chordata subphylums
-Urochordata
-Cephalochordata
-Vertebrata
where is the incurrent siphon located on Urochordata
ventral side
Urochordata common name
sea squirts
where is the excurrent siphon located on Urochordata
dorsal side
sea squirt feeding
mucous net is secreted by endostyle
sea squirt reproduction
-hermaphroditic
-fertilization external through excurrent siphon
sea squirt larval characteristic
-tadpole larva
-does not feed, but swims for several hours before attaching and metamorphosises into a sessile adult
Subphylum Cephalochordata common name
lancelets (amphioxus)
lancelet characteristics
-slender, laterally flattened, translucent
-live in sandy bottoms of coastal water
lancelet feeding characteristics
-water enters mouth driven by cilia in the buccal cavity and pharynx
-water passes through pharyngeal slits where food is trapped in mucous secreted by endostyle
-food moves through intestine
lancelet feeding characteristics
-water enters mouth driven by cilia in the buccal cavity and pharynx
-water passes through pharyngeal slits where food is trapped in mucous secreted by endostyle
-food moves through intestine
lancelet reproduction
-dioecious
-gametes released through atriopon
-external fertilization
-larvae hatch and assume adult shape
subphylum Vertebrata main characteristic
have a backbone and cranium
first characteristic of vertebrates
bony or cartilaginous vertebrate around spinal cord
-endoskeleton composed initially of cartilage and later bone
-protected with keratinized structures derived from epidermis
second characteristic of vertebrates
bony or cartilaginous cranium surrounding a 3-part brain
-forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
-paired special sense organs for vision, equilibrium, and sound
third mcharacteristic of vertebrates
neural crest
-bilateral bands of cells that form the neural tube
-neural crest cells migrate to distant sites in the embryo
-develop into unique vertebrate structures
fourth characteristic of vertebrates
ventral 3 chambered heart
fifth characteristic of vertebrates
paired, glomorular kidneys
-digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and excretory systems modified to meet increased metabolic demand
3 Vertebrata superclasses
-Agnatha
-Gnathostomata
-Tetrapoda
characteristics of superclass Agnatha
-jawless vertebrate
-no paired appendages
characteristic of superclass Gnathostomata
jawed vertebrate with paired appendages
characteristic of superclass Tetrapoda
4 legs
superclass Agnatha classes
-Myxini
-Petromyzontid
class Myxini common name
hagfish
class Petromyzontida common name
lamprey
hagfish habitat
marine
how many gills do hagfish have
5-17 pairs
hagfish feeding
scavengers and predators of annelids, molluscs, dead or dying fish
-nearly blind and locate food with an acute sense of smell and touch
hagfishm defense
special glands along body secrete slime to repel predators
hagfish reproduction
-females produce small numbers of large, yolky eggs 2-7 centimeters in diameter
how many gills do lampreys have
7 pairs
lamprey reproduction and development
-ascend freshwater streams to breed
-males build nest by lifting stones with oral discs
-as eggs are shed into nest, the male fertilizes them
-adults die soon after spawning
-eggs hatch in two weeks into ammoceotes larvae
lamprey feeding
-parasitic
-attach to fish with sucker-like mouth
-sharp teeth rasp through flesh as they suck fluids
-inject anticoagulant into a wound
Gnathostomata classes
-Chondrichthyes
-Osteichthyes
characteristics of Chondricthyes
-cartilaginous skeleton
-heterocercl tail, paired pectoral and pelvic fins
-skin with placoid scales
-jaws with polyphydontyteeth
-intestines with spiral valve
-5-7 pairs of gills, no swim bladder or lungs
-sexes well developed
modern amphibians habitat
terrestrial, but remain tied to water
amphibian reproduction
-eggs deposited in water to be kept moist
-larvae depend on gills for respiration
amphibian development
Paedomorphosis:
-descendants retain larval features such as gills, aquatic lifestyle as adults (salamanders)
ectotherms
body temperature depends on environment and restricts where they live
Sauropsida common name
reptiles and birds
Sauropsida characteristics
-amniotic egg
-rib ventilation of the lung
-thicker and more waterproof skin
-stronger jaws
Sauropsida amniotic egg
4 extraembryonic membranes
Sauropsida skin
-thicker
-more waterproof
-variety of keratinized structures such as scales, hair, feathers, claws
why are sauropod jaws stronger
made of multiple bones
Sauropsida subclasses
-Euroreptilia
-Aves
Europtilia common name
reptiles
Europtilia characteristics
-ectothermic
-amniotic egg
-scales on epidermis
-3 chambered heart
-no external ears
Aves common nme
birds
Aves characteristics
-feathers (modified scales)
-wings
-beak (no teeth)
-hard (calcium) shelled eggs
-hollow bones for flight
class Synapsida common name
mammals
class Synapsida characteristics
-hair or fur
-3 inner ear bones
-mammary glands to feed their young with milk
-dihydont teeth
-4 chambered heart
class Synapsida subclasses
-Prototheria
-Metatheria
-Eutheria
