Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
dorsal
A
the upper surface or the back of the animal
2
Q
ventral
A
the lower surface or the belly
3
Q
anterior
A
towards the head end
4
Q
posterior
A
towards the tail end
5
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline of the body (sides of body)
6
Q
medial
A
towards the midline of the body
7
Q
right
A
right side of the body
8
Q
left
A
left side of the body
9
Q
distal
A
away from the point of attachment of the structure on the body
10
Q
proximal
A
towards the point of attachment of the structure on the body
11
Q
superficial
A
towards the body surface
12
Q
deep
A
away from the body surface
13
Q
asymmetry
A
lack of symmetry; the arrangement of body parts without a central point or axis
14
Q
radial symmetry
A
the arrangement of body parts such that any plant (many planes) passing through the oral-aboral axis divides the animal into mirrored images
15
Q
bilateral symmetry
A
the arrangement of body parts such that a single plane passing through the longitudinal axis divides the animal into right and left mirrored images
16
Q
frontal plane
A
a section or plane perpendicular to both the sagittal and transverse planes. divides the animal into dorsal and ventral regions
17
Q
sagittal plane
A
a section or plane passing through the longitudinal axis of a bilateral animal. divides the animal into right and left mirrored halves or images
18
Q
transverse plane
A
a section or plane perpendicular to both the sagittal and frontal planes. divides the body into anterior and posterior regions
19
Q
which glove type should be used for dissection?
A
nitrile gloves
20
Q
why can’t i stick my teasing needle in the wax bottom of the dissection tray?
A
it dulls them
21
Q
if i can’t stand the smell, what should i do?
A
rub the vaporub thing on your upper lip
22
Q
what is our motto?
A
read twice, cut once
23
Q
asymmetry organism examples
A
coral, amoeba, sponge
24
Q
radial symmetry examples
A
hydra, starfish, octopus
25
bilateral symmetry examples
cat, human, dog
26
the cell theory
1. all organisms are composed of cells
2. cells are the basic unit of life
3. all cells arise only from the division of preexisting cells
27
tissue
a group of cells working together for a specific function
28
4 primary tissue types
1. epithelial tissue
2. connective tissue
3. muscular tissue
4. nervous tissue
29
epithelial tissue
covers the free surfaces of the body, lines body cavities and ducts, make up the glands of the body, and protects the body from foreign invaders
30
connective tissue
supports the body and connects structures together
31
muscular tissue
has the ability to contract and allow for movement
32
nervous tissue
has the unique ability to initiate and transmit information (electrical signals) that coordinate all the body activities
33
epithelial tissue layer types
1. simple epithelium
2. stratified epithelium
34
cell shapes of epithelial tissue
1. squamous
2. cuboidal
3. columnar
4. transitional
35
squamous epithelial tissue
flat top to bottom
36
cuboidal epithelial cells
square in shape with a center nucleus and appear cube-like
37
columnar epithelial cells
rectangular with the nucleus towards the bottom of the cell and appear column-like
38
transitional epithelial cells
change their shape and thus can appear either flat, round, or rectangular
39
purpose of connective tissue
1. fill the spaces within the body
2. bind organs together
3. hold organs in place
4. support body structures
5. store nutrients
40
key feature of connective tissues
cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix
41
extracellular matrix
filled with ground substance and various protein structures that allows each tissue their specific functions
42
types of connective tissue
1. loose connective tissue
2. dense connective tissue
3. cartilage
4. bone tissue
5. vascular tissue
43
types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal muscle tissue
2. cardiac muscle tissue
3. smooth muscle tissue
44
types of nervous tissue
1. neurons
2. neuroglia cells
45
simple epithelium
a single, thin layer of cells that is specialized for secretion, absorption, or filtration
46
stratified epithelium
consists of several layers of cells and is found in areas of the body that need protection
47
squamous cells
flat top to bottom
48
cuboidal cells
square in shape
49
loose connective tissue
-has relatively more cells and fewer fibers (protein structures) in its matrix
-examples: areolar tissue, adipose tissue
50
areolar tissue
-type of loose connective tissue
-functions to hold other tissues together
51
adipose tissue
-type of loose connective tissue
-functions to protect and cushion the body
52
dense connective tissue
relatively fewer cells but an abundance of protein fibers (collagen) in its matrix
-examples: ligaments
53
cartilage
even more densely packed than dense connective tissue but not as hard as bone and therefore more flexible than bone
54
types of cartilage
1. hyaline cartilage
2. elastic cartilage
55
hyaline cartilage
has a large amount of collagen in its matrix that provides strong but flexible support
56
elastic cartilage
has an abundance of the protein fiber elastin which provides elasticity
-example: elastic cartilage that forms ear lobes
57
bone tissue
-bone cells sitting in cavities called lacuna, surrounded by concentric layers of very hard matrix
-matrix is composed of calcium salts and collagen fibers
58
vascular tissue
-blood
-comprised of blood cells (red and white blood cells) and a liquid matrix called plasma
59
muscle tissue
highly specialized to contract and produce movement of the body
60
skeletal muscle
-long and cylindrical
-each cell has multiple nuclei and clear striations
61
striations
stripes that run perpendicular to the length of the cells
62
cardiac muscle cells
relatively short and branched and are striated like skeletal muscle
63
smooth muscle cells
shaped like a spindle, having only one nucleus and no striations
64
neurons
conduct electrical signals
65
neuroglia cells
support cells of the nervous system
66
taxonomy
the science of classification and nomenclature
67
systematics
the determination of evolutionary relationships among organisms
68
carolus linnaeus
set out to name and classify every living thing on the planet
-formalized the hierarchal classification system of organisms based on their shared homologous structures and a two-part format for a scientific name
69
domains
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
70
what is the unifying theme that connects all concepts of biology?
evolution
71
the process of categorizing living organisms into taxa based on their common characteristics is
classification
72
a category or level of the classification system is known as a
taxon
73
closely related genera are considered members of the same family
family
74
organisms that can produce fertile offspring are usually members of the same
species
75
closely related kingdoms are considered members of the same
domain
76
closely related phyla are considered members of the same
kingdom
77
closely related families are considered members of the same
order
78
closely related classes are considered members of the same
phylum
79
closely related orders are considered members of the same
class
80
the taxon between the groups phyla and class is known as the
subphylum
81
monophyletic tree
a group of organisms that contains all the descendants of a particular ancestor and no other organisms
82
paraphyletic tree
a tree that contains some but not all of the descendants of a particular ancestor
83
polyphyletic tree
a tree that requires the group to have at least two seperate evolutionary ancestors, and usually occurs due to coevolution (such as the wings of bats, birds, and insects)
84
first point of natural selection
variations in form and behavior (traits) do occur between members of the same species or populations
85
second point of natural selection
these variations in each individual are inheritable from one generation to the next
86
third point of natural selection
due to these variations, there is competition for survival and reproduction, between individuals of the same species
87
fourth point of natural selection
the traits with variations that are more adaptable in the environment will enhance the survival and reproduction of those individuals that have them and thus decrease the survivability and reproduction of those individuals without those variations.
-this means that each individual has different survival and reproductive success based on their inheritable traits or variations
88
mechanisms that can change the genetics of populations
natural selection, mutations, genetic drift, sexual selection, geneflow, etc
89
the main mechanism of evolution is ...
natural selection
90
natural selection
the theory that individuals with the most adaptable variations of traits will survive better and reproduce more reproducing offspring than other individuals of the population
91
fitness
reproductive success
92
dominant alleles
masks the effects on the the phenotype of the other recessive allele
93
genotype
both alleles of a single gene
94
protists
unicellular eukaryotes
95
euglenoids are
unicellular, motile flagellates that reproduce asexually by binary fission
96
typanosoma are
unicellular, parasitic flagellates characterized by a single, large mitochondrion containing kinetoplast
97
are trypanosomes heterotrops or autotrophs?
heterotrophs
98
does Trypanosoma possess chloroplasts?
no
99
Apicomplexa are
unicellular parasites characterized by an apical complex of organelles that they use to penetrate the host's cell
100
what do Apicomplexans do?
infect nearly every major animal group on this planet, from simple invertebrates to humans
101
intermediate host of Apicomplexans
mosquito
102
final host of Apicomplexans
humans
103
what diseases can Apicomplexans cause?
malaria
104
paramecium are
a large group of unicellular heterotrophs that possess cilia for locomotion and feeding, and have two types of nuclei: micronuclei and macronuclei
105
where do paramecium live?
freshwater with their arrangement of cilia allowing them to be specialized for different lifestyles
106
Vorticella is a
solitary, sessile, stalked ciliate found in stagnate freshwater ponds
107
Vorticella remains attached to
aquatic vegetation by a contractile stalk and possess a funnel-shaped body with a ring of cilia around the larger peristome (open end)
108
how do Vorticella eat?
the cilia beat rapidly to create a water current that pulls food through the peristome, into the cytosome (mouth), which passes the food into the buccal cavity for digestion
109
Stentor is
a large ciliate similar to Vorticella. however, the macronuclei are stretched out like a string of beads
110
Amoeba phylum
Amoebozoa
111
amoebas are
unicellular heterotrophs that live in freshwater ponds and slow-moving streams
112
pseudopodia
structures formed by a flexible cell membrane that are used for feeding and locomotion
-lack the ability to sexually reproduce
113
ectoplasm
more viscous, clear, outer layer of the cytoplasm
114
endoplasm
the more fluid, granular, inner layer of the cytoplasm
115
Foraminiferans
marine amoebas that secrete a calcareous test
116
radiolarians
marine amoebas that produce a silica test
117
foraminiferans and radiolarians
have long, slender feeding pseudopodia that extend through tiny pores in the test
-when they die, the tests drop to the bottom of the ocean and fossilize in limestone and chalk beds
118
Phylum Euglenozoa
- 1-2 flagella and a feeding groove that runs along one side of the cell body
- unicellular, motile flagellates that reproduce asexually by binary fission
- most are heterotrophic, while some are parasytic and photosynthetic
- examples: Euglena, Volvox, and Trypanosoma
119
Phylum Apicomplexa
unicellular parasites characterized by an apical complex of organelles that they use to penetrate the host's cell
-examples: Plasmodium
120
Phylum Ciliophora
- unicellular heterotrophs that possess cilia for locomotion and feeding and have a micronuclei and macronuclei
- ciliates undergo an elaborate process of gene shuffling known as conjugation
- examples: Paramecium, Stentor, and Vorticella
121
Phylum Amoebozoa
- unicellular heterotrophs that have pseudopodia
- lack the ability to sexually reproduce and instead reproduce asexually by binary fission
- examples: Amoeba, Foraminiferans, and Radiolarians
