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Zoology > Lecture Exam 3 > Flashcards

Lecture Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

common names of Phylum Mollusca

A

snails and slugs, oysters and clams, octopuses and squids, etc

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2
Q

where do molluscs live

A

mostly marine, some freshwater, and some snails and slugs are terrestrial

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3
Q

main characteristic of molluscs

A

soft-bodied, and most are protected by a calcium carbonate shell

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4
Q

feeding characteristics of molluscs

A

herbivorous grazers, predaceous carnivores, filter feeders, or parasites

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5
Q

first characteristic of molluscs

A

all have a similar body plan with three main parts

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6
Q

three main parts of molluscs’ body plan

A

muscular foot/head, visceral mass, mantle

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7
Q

what is the head/foot region in molluscs

A

contains feeding and cephalic sensory organs, and large ventral muscular foot

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8
Q

what is the visceral mass in molluscs

A

contains digestive, circulatory, respiratory, and reproductive organs

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9
Q

what is the function of the mantle in molluscs

A

secretes the shell over the visceral mass

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10
Q

what is the mantle cavity in molluscs

A

the space between mantle and body wall

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11
Q

second characteristic of molluscs

A

bilateral symmetry, unsegmented

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12
Q

third characteristic of molluscs

A

triploblastic

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13
Q

fourth characteristic of molluscs

A

coelomate (coelom limited to area around heart)

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14
Q

fifth characteristic of molluscs

A

open circulatory system

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15
Q

open circulatory system

A

pumping heart, blood vessels, and blood sinuses (spaces in body)
-most cephalopods have a closed system with a heart, vessels, and capillaries

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16
Q

sixth characteristic of molluscs

A

pair of kidneys or metanephridia

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17
Q

seventh characteristic of molluscs

A

nervous system: pairs of ganglia with connecting nerve cords

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18
Q

eighth characteristic of molluscs

A

sense organs vary and may be highly specialized
-cephalopods have highly developed eyes

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19
Q

mollusc feeding

A

feed using a radula

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20
Q

radula

A

-protruding, rasping, tongue-like organ
-ribbon-like membrane has rows of tiny teeth pointed backwards

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21
Q

do molluscs reproduce asexually

A

no

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22
Q

are molluscs dioecious or monoecious

A

most are dioecious, some monoecious

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23
Q

mollusc development

A

egg hatches and produces a free-swimming trochophore larva
-in many gastropods and bivalves there is a veliger larva

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24
Q

veliger larva

A

intermediate larval stage which has the beginning of a foot, mantle, and shell

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25
Q

classes of molluscs

A

Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

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26
Q

common name of Polyplacophora

A

chiton

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27
Q

main characteristic of chitons

A

oval-shaped marine animals encased in an armor of 7-8 dorsal plates

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28
Q

how do chitons use their foot

A

they use it like a suction cup to grip rocks, and they use their radula to scrape algae off the rock surface

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29
Q

where are the gills in chitons

A

suspended from roof of mantle cavity and grooves form a closed chamber

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30
Q

how is blood pumped in a chiton

A

it is pumped by a three-chambered heart

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31
Q

reproduction of chitons

A

sexes are seperate
-sperm and egg are released into the water
-trochophore larvae metamorphize into juveniles, without a second larval stage

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32
Q

class Gastropoda common names

A

snails, limpets, slugs, whelks, conches, periwinkles, sea slugs, sea hares, sea butterflies, and nudibranches

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33
Q

where do gastropods live

A

marine, freshwater, or terrestrial

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34
Q

typical movement of gastropods

A

sluggish, sedentary animals

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35
Q

what do gastropods use as defense

A

their shells

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36
Q

main characteristic of gastropod shells

A

one-piece (univalve), coiled or uncoiled, often with 180 degree counterclockwise torsion

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37
Q

operculum in gastropods

A

covers shell aperture, protects and prevents water loss

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38
Q

torsion

A

-causes the digestive tract to move laterally and dorsally so that the anus lies above the head within the mantle cavity

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39
Q

respiration in gastropods

A

performed by gills in mantle cavity, or by a highly vascular area of mantle that functions as a lung

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40
Q

pneumostome

A

small opening in air-breathing gastropods that leads from the lung to outside

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41
Q

class Bivalvia common name

A

mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, and ship wormss

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42
Q

shell characteristics of bivalves

A

a shell divided into two halves

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43
Q

mantle cavity of bivalves

A

contains gills that are used for feeding as well as gas exchange

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44
Q

what structures do bivalves lack?

A

a head, radula, and cephalization

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45
Q

where do bivalves live

A

mostly marine

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46
Q

bivalve movement

A

mostly sedentary, but some have some limited mobility

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47
Q

form and function of bivalves

A

-two shells or valves are held together by a hinge ligament and held together by strong adductor muscles, and the valves are open when adductor muscles are relaxed

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48
Q

feeding and digestion of bivalves

A

most are suspension feedings

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49
Q

bivalve hearts

A

three chambered heart

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50
Q

class Cephalopoda common names

A

squids, octopuses, nautiluses, and cuttlefish

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51
Q

where do cephalopods live

A

marine

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52
Q

how big do cephalopods get

A

2 cm to the giant squid

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53
Q

what did the foot adapt into in cephalopods

A

arms, tentacles, and funnel (siphon)

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54
Q

how many arms and/or tentacles do nautiluses have

A

60-90 tentacles, no suckers

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55
Q

how many arms and/or tentacles do octopuses have

A

8 arms with suckers

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56
Q

how many arms and/or tentacles do squids and cuttlefish have

A

8 arms with suckers and 2 tentacles

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57
Q

which cephalopods produce venom

A

octopuses and cuttlefish (produced in salivary glands)

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58
Q

how do cephalopods grasp prey

A

strong beaklike jaws

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59
Q

nautilus shell

A

has multiple chambers, allowing them to swim

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60
Q

cuttlefish shell

A

enclosed within mantle

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61
Q

squid shell

A

thin strip called the pen, enclosed in mantle

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62
Q

octopus shell

A

N/A

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63
Q

chromatophores

A

pigmented skin cells in squids and octopuses

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64
Q

inc sac purpose in cephalopods

A

defense

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65
Q

respiration in cephalopods

A

one pair of gills

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66
Q

cephalopod circulation

A

muscular pumping system to keep water flowing through the mantle cavity

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67
Q

characteristics of cephalopod circulatory system

A

-complete circulatory system
-accessory or branchial hearts at the base of each gill increases pressure to blood going through cill capillaries

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68
Q

cephalopod reproduction

A

-dioecious
-direct development
-in male seminal vesicle, spermatozoa are encased in spermatophores and stored
-removes a spermatophore from mantle cavity and inserts it into female
-fertilized eggs leave oviduct and are attached to stones, etc
-some octopuses tend to their eggs

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69
Q

main characteristic of phylum Annelida

A

segmented worms

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70
Q

common names of annelids

A

marine bristle worms, fan worms, leeches, and earthworms

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71
Q

where do annelids live

A

marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial habitats

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72
Q

first characteristic of annelids

A

segmentation or metamerism
-bodies composed of serially repeated units or rings
-each unit contains components of most organ systems (circulatory, nervous, and excretory systems)

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73
Q

advantages of metamerism

A

-greater complexity in structure and function
-increased burrowing efficiency by permitting independent movement of segments
-evolution of a more sophisticated nervous system
-provided a safety factor

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74
Q

second characteristic of annelids

A

bilateral symmetry

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75
Q

third characteristic of annelids

A

triploblastic

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76
Q

fourth characteristic of annelids

A

paired epidermal setae

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77
Q

paired epidermal setae

A

-tiny chitinous bristles
-absent in leeches
-mostly used for locomation

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78
Q

fifth characteristic of annelids

A

unique head and terminal end

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79
Q

annelid head segments

A

prostomium and peristomium

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80
Q

pygidium

A

terminal segment bearing the anus in annelids
-new metameres form in front of the pygidium

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81
Q

are head and pygidium true segments

A

no, because they are not serially repeated

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82
Q

sixth characteristic of annelids

A

coelomate
-coeloms form by schizocoely
-segments separated by septa

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83
Q

seventh characteristic of annelids

A

hydrostatic skeleton (except in leeches)
-contraction of circular muscles causes body to narrow and lengthen
-contraction of longitudinal muscles causes body to shorten and expand

84
Q

eighth characteristic of annelids

A

digestive system complete, not segmented

85
Q

ninth characteristic of annelids

A

nervous system is composed of a double ventral nerve cord

86
Q

what does the double ventral nerve cord look like in annelids

A

they are ladder-like so it looks like one cord

87
Q

tenth characteristic of annelids

A

asexual reproduction by fission and fragmentation

88
Q

eleventh characteristic of annelids

A

sexual reproduction (hermaphroditic or dioecious, no self fertilization)

89
Q

twelfth characteristic of annelids

A

share a trochophore larva with the ancestor

90
Q

thirteenth characteristic of annelids

A

respiration through skin, gills, or parapodia

91
Q

fourtheenth characteristic of annelids

A

circulatory system closed and segmented

92
Q

fifteenth characteristic of annelids

A

excretory system segmented

93
Q

three traditional classes for annelids

A

class Polychaeta, class Oligochaeta, class Hirudinida

94
Q

common name of class Polychaeta

A

aquatic worms

95
Q

common name of class Oligochaeta

A

earthworms

96
Q

common name of class Hirudinida

A

leeches

97
Q

polychaetes’ life habits

A

sedentary ones are mostly tube-living, active ones may be free-moving, burrowing, or crawling

98
Q

how big do polychaetes get

A

up to 4 feet long

99
Q

characteristics of polychaetes

A

-parapodia
-setae
-eyes, tentacles, and sensory palps

100
Q

parapodia

A

paired appendages on most segments of polychaetes
-have two main parts: dorsal notopodium and ventral neuropodium

101
Q

setae in polychaetes

A

arranged in bundles on parapodia

102
Q

are prostomium retractile in polychaetes?

A

may or may not be

103
Q

characteristics of mouth in polychaetes

A

surround mouth

104
Q

reproduction and development of polychaetes

A

-no permanent sex organs (every mating season, they grow new ones)
-seperate sexes
-fertilization is external and the early larva is a trochophore

105
Q

class Oligochaeta common name

A

earthworms

106
Q

earthworm habitats

A

soil to freshwater

107
Q

how do earthworms live

A

burrow in moist rich soil and usually live in branched interconnected tunnels

108
Q

clitellum

A

thickened glandular and nonsegmented section of the body wall of earthworms used for reproduction

109
Q

earthworm setae

A

four pairs on each segment
-bristle-like rods set in a sac and moved by tiny muscles
-project outward through small pores in cuticle
-aid anchoring by digging into walls of burrow

110
Q

earthworm nutrition

A

scavengers

111
Q

excretory structures in earthworms

A

-nephridia
-nephrostome
-bladder
-nephridiopore

112
Q

nephridia

A

kidney-like structures found in each body segment of an earthworm, except the first three and terminal segments

113
Q

nephrostome

A

a ciliated funnel in earthworms that draws in wastes and leads through the septum

114
Q

bladder

A

where the nephrostome ends and empties outside at the nephridiopore

115
Q

nephridiopore

A

the exit place for waste in an earthworm

116
Q

oligochaetes’ nervous system and sense organs

A

pair of dorsal cerebral ganglia connect around the pharynx to the ganglia of the ventral nerve cord to form the brain

117
Q

earthworm reproduction characteristics

A

-hermaphroditic
-cross-fertilization

118
Q

detailed earthworm reproduction process

A

-aligning in opposite directions, ventral surfaces together
-mucus secreted by clitellum holds worms together
-sperm from each worm are transported to the seminal receptacles of the other worm along seminal grooves
-after mutual copulation, each worm secretes a mucus tube and chitinous band to form a cocoon
-cocoon passes forward and eggs, albumin, and sperm are poured into it
-fertilization occurs in cocoon, cocoon slides off head end and closes
-young worms emerge from cocoon

119
Q

class Hirudinida common name

A

leeches

120
Q

leech characteristics

A

34 segments, possess anterior and posterior suckers, no septa

121
Q

what is the function of the posterior sucker on leeches

A

to attach to the host animal

122
Q

what is the function of the anterior sucker on leeches

A

to suck blood

123
Q

where do leeches live

A

mostly freshwater, few marine, some live in moist terrestrial environments

124
Q

color of leeches

A

black, brown, red, and olive green

125
Q

do leeches have setae

A

no

126
Q

exception to the rules about leeches

A

Acanthobdellidae: 27 segments, setae only present on the first five segments, and have a posterior sucker

127
Q

leech nutrition

A

-mostly parasitic that suck blood, but not all are parasitic
-some predaceous on small invertebrates
-some parasitic leeches slit the skin of the host and secrete an anesthetic to prevent detection
-secrete a chemical called hirudin to prevent blood from coagulating

128
Q

leech reproduction

A

-hermaphroditic and practice cross-fertilization
-sperm transferred by a penis or hypodermic impregnation
-clitellum (only evident during breeding season) secretes cocoon to receive sperm and egg
-cocoons are buried in mud or damp soil
-development is similar to that of oligochaetes

129
Q

what is the most abundant group of animals on earth

A

arthropods

130
Q

how big are arthropods

A

0.1 mm to 3.7 m

131
Q

arthropod common names

A

spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions, crustaceans, millipedes, centipedes, insects, etc

132
Q

main characteristics of arthropods

A

-versitile hard exoskeleton
-segmentation and appendages for more efficient locomotion
-air distribution directly to cells
-highly developed sensory organs
-complex behavior patterns
-metamorphosis

133
Q

how far back does the fossil record for arthropods go

A

back to mid-Cambrian period

134
Q

first characteristic of arthropods

A

joined appendages (modified for specialized functions)

135
Q

second characteristic of arthropods

A

bilateral symmetry

136
Q

third characteristic of arthropods

A

segmented body divided into functional units called tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)

137
Q

fourth characteristic of arthropods

A

triploblastic

138
Q

fifth characteristic of arthropods

A

small coelom filled with blood

139
Q

sixth characteristic of arthropods

A

jointed exoskeleton made of chitin that must be shed (molt) for growth (also called Ecdysis)

140
Q

seventh characteristic of arthropods

A

complete digestive system

141
Q

eighth characteristic of arthropods

A

complex muscular system

142
Q

ninth characteristic of arthropods

A

nervous system is composed of a dorsal brain and ventral nerve cord

143
Q

tenth characteristic of arthropods

A

asexual reproduction by fission and fragmentation

144
Q

eleventh characteristic of arthropods

A

well developed sense organs

145
Q

twelfth characteristic of arthropods

A

respiration by body surface, gills, trachea, air tubes, or book lungs

146
Q

thirteenth characteristic of arthropods

A

open circulatory system (blood fills coelom)

147
Q

fourtheenth characteristic of arthropods

A

paired excretory glands (ie. maxillary glands)
-not kidneys!

148
Q

fifteenth characteristic of arthropods

A

sexual reproduction, dioecious, internal fertilization

149
Q

sixteenth characteristic of arthropods

A

most have metamorphosis

150
Q

seventeenth characteristic of arthropods

A

social organization

151
Q

subphylum groups of arthropods

A

-Trilobita
-Chelicerata
-Myriapoda
-Crustacea
-Hexapoda

152
Q

main characteristic of Trilobita

A

extinct

153
Q

main characteristic of Chelicerata

A

fangs

154
Q

main characteristic of Myriapoda

A

many legs

155
Q

main characteristic of Crustacea

A

crabs, shrimp, etc

156
Q

main characteristic of Hexapoda

A

six legs

157
Q

common names of Chelicerata

A

horshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions, sea spiders

158
Q

segments of Chelicerata

A

two tagma (cephalothorax and abdomen)

159
Q

how many appendages do Chelicerata have

A

six pair of cephalothoracic appendages
-one pair of chelicerae
-one pair of pedipalps
-four pairs of walking legs

160
Q

chelicerae

A

claw-like feeding appendages that suck liquid food from prey

161
Q

pedipalps

A

modified legs on arthropods that hold prey

162
Q

do Chelicerata have mandibles or antenna

A

no

163
Q

classes of Chelicerata

A

Meristomata, sea spiders, and Arachida

164
Q

common name of class Meristomata

A

horseshoe crabs

165
Q

Arachida common name

A

spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites

166
Q

Meristomata characteristics

A

carapace, abdomen with book gills, telson, blue blood

167
Q

sea spiders characteristics

A

four pairs of walking legs, large sucking proboscis, small abdomen

168
Q

Arachida characteristics

A

-chelicerae function as fangs
-cephalothorax and abdomen joined by thin pedicel
-four paired legs
-gas exchange through book lungs
-excretion through Malpighian tubules
-many spiders produce silk, a liquid protein, from specialized abdominal silk glands

169
Q

Arachida common names

A

spiders, scorpions, whip scorpions, pseudoscorpions

170
Q

chelicerae function in Arachida

A

function as fangs

170
Q

pedicel

A

joins cephalothorax and abdomen in Arachida

171
Q

how many legs do Arachida have

A

4 pairs

172
Q

how does gas exchange occur in Arachida

A

through book lungs

173
Q

Malpighian tubule purpose

A

excretion

174
Q

what is silk

A

a liquid protein produced by Arachida from specialized abdominal silk glands

175
Q

main characteristics of phylum Myrapoda

A

-2 tagmata
-1 pair of antennae
-mandible and two pairs of maxillae
-legs are uniramous

176
Q

how many tagmata do myrapodes have

A

two

177
Q

how many pairs of antennae do myrapodes have

A

one

178
Q

what feeding structures do myrapodes have

A

mandible and two maxillae

179
Q

are myrapode legs uniramous or biramous

A

uniramous

180
Q

what are the tagmata of myrapodes

A

head and trunk
-paired appendages on trunk segments

181
Q

uniramous definition

A

one branch

182
Q

classes of subphylum Myrapoda

A

Class Chilopoda and Class Diplopoda

183
Q

common name of chilopodes

A

centipedes

184
Q

common name of diplopodes

A

millipedes

185
Q

characteristics of centipedes

A

-predators
-each segment contains one pair of legs
-dorsoventrally flattened
-maxillipeds on first segment are modified to venom claws
-pair of eyes of group of ocelli

186
Q

maxilliped definition

A

first jaw

187
Q

millipede characteristics

A

-cylindrical bodies
-4 thoracic segments, one pair of legs
-herbivorous
-slow, curl up in a ball for protection

188
Q

characteristics of crustaceans

A

-2 pairs of antenna
–head has a pair of mandibles and 2 pairs of maxillae
-one pair of appendages on each of the additional segments
-all appendages are biramous
-collect oxygen by moving their legs
-tagma are usually head, thorax, and abdomen
-one or more thoracic segments are fused with the head as acephalothorax
-dorsal covering is carapace
-compound eyes

189
Q

how many antennae do crustaceans have

A

two pairs

190
Q

are crustaceans biramous or uniramous

A

biramous

191
Q

how do crustaceans collect oxygen

A

by moving their legs

192
Q

crustacean tagma

A

head, thorax, abdomen

193
Q

what structure covers crustaceans

A

carapace

194
Q

what structure covers crustaceans

A

carapace

195
Q

characteristics of crustaceans eyes

A

compound eyes

196
Q

compound eyes

A

made of many units called ommatridia

197
Q

reproduction of crustaceans

A

-dioecious
-brood eggs in brood chambers, in egg sacs attached to the abdomen, or attached to abdominal appendages

198
Q

crustacean life cycles

A

-most have a larva unlike the adult in form
-undergo metamorphosis
-nauplius larva is the common larval form

199
Q

nauplius larva

A

unsegmented body, frontal eye, 3 pairs of appendages

200
Q

characteristics of subphylum hexapoda

A

-3 tagmata (head, thorax, abdomen)
-3 pairs of uniramous legs

201
Q

characteristics of Hexapoda

A

-large groups
-wide variety of habitats but few are marine
-bases of mouth parts visible
-winged or wingless
-comppound eyes
-thorax
-2 pairs of wings may be present, modified, or absent

202
Q

pterygotes

A

winged hexapodes

203
Q

apterygotes

A

wingless hexapodes

204
Q

hexapode thorax

A

-prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax
-legs on each segment
-wings on mesothorax and metathorax

Zoology (11 decks)

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