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Zoology > Animal Development and Architecture > Flashcards

Animal Development and Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

fertilized

A

sperm and egg are fused

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2
Q

embryology

A

the study of animal development from a single cell into a multicellular organism

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3
Q

zygote

A

single cell that developed from a fused sperm and egg

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4
Q

three stages of the development from a single cell into a multicellular organism

A
  1. cell division
  2. cell migration
  3. cell differentiation
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5
Q

cell division

A

the process in which the single celled zygote must multiply into many new cells

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6
Q

cell migration

A

the grouping of new cells and the organization into structures and the animal’s body shape

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7
Q

cell differentiation

A

when groups of cells develop into different morphological structures for specific tasks

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8
Q

stages of animal development

A
  1. fertilization
  2. cleavage
  3. gastrulation
  4. organogenesis
  5. growth
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9
Q

fertilization

A

fusion of egg and sperm

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10
Q

cleavage

A

rapid cell division through mitosis

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11
Q

gastrulation

A

development of the germ layers

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12
Q

organogenesis

A

the development of tissues and organs

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13
Q

growth

A

the organs and body grow in size before birth

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14
Q

two processes for fertilization

A
  1. external fertilization
  2. internal fertilization
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15
Q

process for external fertilization

A

-individuals release gametes into the water at the same time
-sperm use watery environment to move towards and fertilize the eggs
-must compensate for their losses from predators by producing copious amounts of gametes

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16
Q

spawning season

A

a specific time during the year in the ocean where many different species release their gametes at the same time in order to increase their potential for fertilization and reproduction

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17
Q

breeding seasons

A

the specific time of year that animals are reproductively receptive to mate and potentially produce offspring

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18
Q

internal fertilization process

A

-sperm is delivered into the female body next to the eggs
-three different ways offspring can be produced from internal fertilization

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19
Q

three ways offspring can be produced from internal fertilization

A
  1. oviparity
  2. ovoviviparity
  3. viviparity
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20
Q

oviparity

A

the internally fertilized embryos are laid outside (eggs) the female’s body and are nourished by the yolk sac through development

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21
Q

ovoviviparity

A

the internally fertilized embryos are retained inside the female, nourished by the yolk sac, until they hatch inside of her or she lays the eggs right before hatching

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22
Q

viviparity

A

the young are born alive and nourished by the placenta

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23
Q

process of fertilization

A
  1. fertilization cone
  2. fast block
  3. fertilization membrane
  4. zygote
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24
Q

first step of fertilization

A

immediately after penetration of the first sperm, proteins on the egg’s cell membrane erect a fertilization cone in order to draw the head of the sperm into the egg’s cell membrane

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25
Q

second step of fertilization

A

the electrical potential of the egg’s membrane changes polarity to block any other sperm from penetrating the egg membrane, known as fast block

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26
Q

third step of fertilization

A

cortical granules below the egg’s membrane release their contents into the membrane causing it to harden, forming a more permanent boundary called the fertilization membrane

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27
Q

fourth step of fertilization

A

the genetic material of the sperm and egg fuse together, fertilizing the egg, and the single cell is now referred to as a zygote, ready to begin cleavage

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28
Q

parts of sperm

A

tail, middle neck (w/ mitochondrion), nucleus (with acrosome at tip)

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29
Q

examples of oviparity

A

chicken, duck, crocodile

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30
Q

examples of ovoviviparity

A

sharks, fish, flies

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31
Q

examples of viviparity

A

humans, cats, dogs

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32
Q

what is the fertilized egg called?

A

zygote

33
Q

what is the purpose of the fertilization cone?

A

to draw the head of the sperm into the cell membrane

34
Q

what is the purpose of the fertilization membrane?

A

to form a firm boundary for the zygote

35
Q

what is the purpose of the fast block?

A

to prevent other sperm from penetrating

36
Q

cleavage

A

a series of mitotic cell divisions of the single celled zygote into the blastula

37
Q

blastula

A

a hollow ball of numerous cells that developed via cleavage

38
Q

what is the pattern of cleavage dictated by?

A

plane of mitotic division

39
Q

radial cleavage

A

when cleavage planes occur perpendicular or parallel to each other

40
Q

spiral cleavage

A

when the cleavage plane occurs at oblique angles

41
Q

which animal group demonstrates spiral cleavage?

A

Protostomes

42
Q

Protostomes phyla examples

A

annelids, flatworms, molluscs, etc.

43
Q

which animal group demonstrates radial cleavage?

A

Deuterostomes

44
Q

Deuterostomes examples

A

echinoderms and chordates

45
Q

when does gastrulation begin?

A

once cleavage ends and the blastula is formed

46
Q

blastocoel

A

the fluid-filled cavity within the blastula

47
Q

invagination

A

the first step of gastrulation
-as gastrulation proceeds, the invagination becomes larger and the blastocoel becomes smaller forming an archenteron

48
Q

archenteron

A

-primitive gut
-aka gastrocoel
-an internal cavity surrounded by the invaginated cells

49
Q

blastopore

A

the opening of the invagination

50
Q

Protostomes have the blastopore form into the

A

mouth

51
Q

Deuterostomes have the blastopore form into the

A

anus

52
Q

gastrula

A

what the zygote is known as once the archenteron and blastopore are fully formed

53
Q

how many germ layers does the gastrula have

A

two

54
Q

ectoderm

A

outer germ layer of the gastrula

55
Q

endoderm

A

inner germ layer that lines the archenteron

56
Q

ectoderm layer develops into…

A

the epithelium tissue and nervous system

57
Q

endoderm layer develops into…

A

lining of the digestive system and other internal organs

58
Q

third germ layer of the gastrula that develops later

A

mesoderm

59
Q

mesoderm layer develops into…

A

muscular, skeletal, and/or urinary system

60
Q

diploblastic

A

animals that only develop two germ layers in the gastrula

61
Q

triploblastic

A

animals that develop three germ layers

62
Q

organogenesis begins when…

A

gastrulation ends

63
Q

unfertilized egg –>

A

zygote

64
Q

zygote –>

A

two-cell stage

65
Q

two-cell stage –>

A

eight-cell stage

66
Q

eight-cell stage –>

A

16-cell stage

67
Q

16-cell stage –>

A

morula

68
Q

morula –>

A

blastula

69
Q

blastula –>

A

gastrula

70
Q

gastrula –>

A

bipinnaria

71
Q

coelom

A

-body cavity that surrounds the digestive system and other organs
-develops during gastrulation stage during the production of the mesoderm layer

72
Q

three types of animals concerning coeloms

A
  1. Acoelomates
  2. Coelomates
  3. Pseudocoelomates
73
Q

Acoelomates

A

-animals (like flatworms) without a coelom (acoelom) or body cavity
-their body is filled with semi-solid mesodermal cells holding the organs in place

74
Q

Coelomates

A

animals that contain a true coelom (all vertebrates), have a coelom that is derived from and surrounded by the mesoderm layer

75
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

animals (like roundworms) that have a pseudocoelom (false coelom) in between the mesoderm and endoderm layers

76
Q

how do Coelomates form cavities in Protostomes

A

schizocoely

77
Q

scizocoely

A

mesodermal cells migrating from around the blastopore up into the blastocoel, attaching to both the endodermal and ectodermal layers (or splitting the mesoderm layer)

78
Q

how do Coelomates form their cavities in Deuterostomes

A

enterocoely

79
Q

enterocoely

A

mesoderm cells budding off the wall of the archenteron, separating and splitting, and then developing into the body cavity

Zoology (11 decks)

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