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Zoology > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of life

A

metabolism, mobility, response to stimuli within environment, growth and development, highly ordered and organized into cells, reproduction, contain genetic material within their cells that is passed on to the next generation, evolution and adaptation

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2
Q

eukaryotes have this kind of genetic material

A

DNA and RNA

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3
Q

prokaryotes have this kind of genetic material

A

either DNA or RNA, not both

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4
Q

steps of scientific method

A

observation, question, hypothesis formation, prediction, empirical tests, conclusions, publish

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5
Q

scientific theory

A

a general principle about nature that is highly tested and never disproven, yet

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6
Q

taxonomy

A

formal system for naming and classifying species

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7
Q

systematics

A

classifies organisms and determines their evolutionary relationships

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8
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a species or group of related species

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9
Q

who came up with the classification system to organize the diversity of nature?

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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10
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

every organism has 2 proper names: /Genus species/

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11
Q

standard grouping order:

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species

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12
Q

Domains

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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13
Q

Kingdoms

A

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista

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14
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

represent a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships

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15
Q

what does each branch point in a phylogenetic tree represent

A

the divergence of two evolutionary lineages from a common ancestor

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16
Q

sister something

A

groups that share an immediate common ancestor that is not shared by any other group

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17
Q

homology

A

similar structure with similar uses due to shared ancestry

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18
Q

analogy

A

different structures with similar uses due to convergent evolution, not shared ancestors

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19
Q

survival of the fittest

A

the individual that reproduces the most reproducing offspring is the fittest

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20
Q

Lamark’s contribution to evolution

A

came up with the idea of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

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21
Q

Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

A

the subconscious “desires” of an organism can cause changes in the traits of that organism, and those changes caused by increased use or disuse will be passed onto the offspring of that individual

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22
Q

Darwin’s background

A

-studied medicine and theology
-was the naturalist on a 5-year voyage on the HMS Beagle (1831)
-wrote “The Origin of Species” (1859)

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23
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A

-Wallace was working on the same idea as Darwin but gave the credit to Darwin due to him putting in more work and research

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24
Q

evolution

A

genetic change in organisms through reproduction

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25
Q

main points of evolution

A

-populations evolve, not individuals
-occurs mainly through natural selection
-the main unifying theme of all of biology

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26
Q

first requirement of natural selection

A

variations in form and behavior between members of a species exist

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27
Q

second requirement of natural selection

A

variations are inheritable from one generation to the next

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28
Q

third requirement of natural selection

A

there is competition between individuals of a population or species

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29
Q

fourth requirement of natural selection

A

individuals with adaptable variations will be more likely to reproduce (differential reproductive success) and pass those adaptive variations on with greater frequency to future generations

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30
Q

differential reproduction success

A

individuals with adaptable variations will be more likely to reproduce

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31
Q

evidence of evolution

A
  1. fossil record
  2. artificial selection
  3. evolution in action
  4. comparative anatomy
  5. comparative embryology
  6. biochemistry and DNA
  7. biogeography
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32
Q

what are fossils?

A

evidence of past living organisms

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33
Q

what do fossils tell us?

A

-past organisms are different from today’s living ones
-fossil layers show a trend in evolution from simple to more complex (generally)
-intermediate (missing links) fossils are being found now

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34
Q

artificial selection

A

shows that change can occur and the environment can cause it
-many examples from our domestication of plants and animals

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35
Q

evolution in action

A

pesticide resistance to insects, bacterial and viral resistance to medicine

36
Q

comparative anatomy

A

-figuring out common ancestors and relatives
-comparing the structures of organisms to see if the individuals are related or not

37
Q

three types of structures in evolution

A

homologous, analogous, vestigial

38
Q

homologous structures

A

structures that have the same framework (internal structure)
-function doesn’t matter

39
Q

analogous structures

A

structures that don’t have the same framework
-function doesn’t matter

40
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures that have no apparent use in the present owner but are used in related organisms

41
Q

comparative embryology

A

compare embryos to see if we have similar DNA
-for the first 3-6 weeks as an embryo, all vertebrates look the same

42
Q

biochemistry and DNA

A

-shows which organisms are related to each other
-closer ancestral relationship = more similar DNA

43
Q

biogeography

A

the study of where living things exist on the planet, why they exist there, when they got there

44
Q

causes of microevolution

A

genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, nonrandom mating, natural selection

45
Q

genetic drift

A

-random change in small gene pool due to sampling errors in propagation of alleles

46
Q

gene flow

A

changes in gene pools due to immigration or emigration of individuals between populations

47
Q

mutation

A

-change in allele frequencies that are passed on to the offspring due to net mutation
-common
-most are neutral

48
Q

nonrandom mating

A

-inbreeding or selection of mates for specific phenotypes (assortive mating) reduces frequency of heterozygous individuals
-individuals mate with others of the same genotype
-increases homozygous genotypes
-does not change allelic frequencies

49
Q

natural selection

A

-differential reproductive success increases frequencies of some alleles and diminishes others

50
Q

types of mutations

A

-lethal (usually kills you before you can reproduce)
-adaptive (allows you to reproduce more)
-neutral (no effect)

51
Q

subtypes of genetic drift

A

-founder effect
-bottleneck effect

52
Q

founder effect

A

mainly occurs on islands when a small group of individuals colonize a new habitat and thrive, becoming a new population

53
Q

bottleneck effect

A

when there is a severe reduction in population size, the resulting population will have less genetic variation and more similar traits
-beginning of extinction

54
Q

types of natural selection

A

-stabilizing selection
-directional selection
-disruptive selection

55
Q

stabilizing selection

A

intermediate forms are favored and extremes are eliminated; occurs when the individuals of a population with the most common trait survive and reproduce the most thus, the offspring of that population will have the common (best) traits of the parents

56
Q

directional selection

A

allele frequencies shift in one direction

57
Q

disruptive selection

A

individuals with either extreme trait are favored and thus reproduce more (allele frequencies shift in two directions)
-causes 2 new species when it becomes macroevolution

58
Q

special population selection models

A

-sexual selection
-balanced polymorphism

59
Q

sexual selection

A

when one form or sex chooses its mate based on fitness of that individual
-causes a huge amount of genetic change within 1 generation of a population
-requires sexual dimorphism

60
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

two forms of sex appearance

61
Q

balanced polymorphism

A

when there are two forms of a trait that are maintained within a population year after year

62
Q

macroevolution

A

-large scale genetic change
-development of a new species

63
Q

species

A

a group of interbreeding individuals that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

64
Q

reproductive isolation

A

prezygotic isolation or postzygotic isolation

65
Q

types of prezygotic isolation

A

-behavioral
-ecological
-temporal
-mechanical
-gametic

66
Q

behavioral prezygotic isolation

A

the mating behavior between species keeps them from reproducing

67
Q

ecological prezygotic isolation

A

species live in different habitats

68
Q

temporal prezygotic isolation

A

the mating seasons are different

69
Q

mechanical prezygotic isolation

A

the reproductive parts don’t fit

70
Q

gametic prezygotic isolation

A

the sperm does not survive in the female’s environment

71
Q

types of postzygotic isolation

A

-zygotic
-hybrid inviability
-hybrid sterility

72
Q

zygotic postzygotic isolation

A

the embryo dies before birth

73
Q

hybrid inviability postzygotic isolation

A

the embryo does not survive well and dies before reproduction age

74
Q

hybrid sterility postzygotic isolation

A

the offspring is sterile and can’t pass on the new genetics

75
Q

speciation

A

natural selection and other microevolutionary processes can lead to this

76
Q

speciation models

A

-allopatric speciation
-sympatric speciation

77
Q

allopatric speciation

A

the development of a new species by a physical seperation from the original species

78
Q

sympatric speciation

A

development of a new species, within the same environment as the original species

79
Q

rates of speciation

A

-gradualism
-punctuated equilibrium

80
Q

types of extinctions

A

-local extinctions
-species extinctions
-mass extinctions

81
Q

local extinctions

A

only certain populations of a species are gone

82
Q

species extinctions

A

entire species is gone

83
Q

mass extinctions

A

lots of species going extinct

84
Q

what did primates evolve from?

A

Dryopithecus

85
Q

types of fossils

A

-eggs in nest
-fossilized feces
-bones
-footprint
-skin impression

86
Q

vestigial structures examples

A

-legs in snakes
-ear muscles in humans
-appendix in humans
-tailbone in humans

Zoology (11 decks)

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