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Zoology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

invertebrates

A

animals that lack a backbone

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2
Q

what level of organization do Porifera have?

A

cell level

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3
Q

are Porifera symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetrical

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4
Q

do Porifera have germ layers?

A

no

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5
Q

do Porifera have body cavities?

A

no

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6
Q

Phylum Porifera general features

A

-cell level of organization
-asymmetry
-no germ layers
-no body cavities

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7
Q

how do sessile sponges feed (Phylum Porifera)

A

filter feeding

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8
Q

Porifera definition

A

pore-bearing (body perforated by many pores)

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9
Q

what are Phylum Porifera skeletons composed of?

A

spicules

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10
Q

can sponges regenerate?

A

yes

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11
Q

where do Porifera live?

A

most marine, some brackish water, few freshwater

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12
Q

how do sponges look?

A

some are branched, some are standing erect, some are encrusting

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13
Q

sponge cell types

A

-choanocytes
-mesohyl layer
-amoebocytes

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14
Q

Porifera choanocytes purpose

A

-flagellated collar cells
-generate a water current through the sponge and ingest suspended food

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15
Q

Porifera mesohyl layer characteristics

A

gelatinous layer between two cell layers

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16
Q

Porifera amoebocytes purpose

A

totipotent cells in the mesohyl that play roles in digestion and manufacture of skeletal fibers (spicules)

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17
Q

Porifera reproductive properties

A

-most are hermaphrodites and exhibit sequential hermaphroditism

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18
Q

Porifera classes

A

Calcarea, Hexactinellida, Demospongiae

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19
Q

characteristics of Calcarea class in Porifera

A

typically have calcium carbonate (calcareous) spicules wiht 1, 3, or 4 rays

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20
Q

characteristics of class Hexactinellids in Porifera

A

glass sponges with 6-rayed siliceous spicules

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21
Q

characteristics of class Demispongiae in Porifera

A

have siliceous spicules, spongin fibers, or both

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22
Q

Types of Porifera Canal systems

A

-Asconoids
-Syconoids
-Leuconoids

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23
Q

what are asconoids?

A

flagellated spongocoels in Porifera

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24
Q

characteristics of asconoids in Porifera

A

-simplest body form
-small and tube-shaped
-water enters the spongocoel

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25
Q

characteristics of the spongocoel in the asconoid canal system of Porifera

A

-lined with choanocytes which pull water through; all Calcarea are asconoids

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26
Q

examples of asconoids

A

Leucosolenia and Clathrina

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27
Q

what are syconoids?

A

flagellated canals

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28
Q

characteristics of syconoids in Porifera

A

-resemble asconoids but are larger with a thicker body wall
-wall contains choanocyte-lined radial canals that fold back and forth to make canals that empty into spongocoel

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29
Q

how does water flow in syconoids in Porifera?

A

enters radial canals through tiny openings called prosopyles, then to radial canals, then apoopyle to spongocoel

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30
Q

what is the spongocoel lined with in syconoids?

A

epithelial cells

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31
Q

what are leuconoids in Porifera?

A

flagellated chambers

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32
Q

characteristics of leuconoids

A

-most complex of canal systems
-most sponges are leuconoid

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33
Q

how does water flow in leuconoids?

A

clusters of flagellated chambers are filled from incurrent canals and discharge to excurrent canals

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34
Q

Porifera sexual reproduction

A

-most are monoecious
-sperm sometimes arise from transformed choanocytes
-the free-swimming larvae of sponges is a solid parenchyma

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35
Q

Porifera asexual reproduction

A

-can occur by bud formation (external buds or internal buds) or fragmentation

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36
Q

external buds

A

-budding
-small individuals that break off after attaining a certain size

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37
Q

internal buds

A

-gemmules
-formed by archaeocytes that collect in mesohyl
-coated with tough spongin and spicules
-survive harsh environmental conditions

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38
Q

symmetry

A

balanced proportions of parts on opposite sides of a median plane

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39
Q

asymmetrical

A

no plane through which they can be divided into identical halves

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40
Q

radial symmetry

A

-body divided into similar halves by more than two planes passing through longitudinal axis
-usually sessile, freely floating, or weakly swimming animals
-no anterior or posterior end

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41
Q

primarily radial phyla

A

Cnidaria and Ctenophora

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42
Q

advantages of radial symmetry

A

can interact with the environment in all directions

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43
Q

bilateral symmetry

A

organism can be divided along a sagittal plane into two mirror portions: right and left halves
-associated with cephalization

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44
Q

advantages of bilateral symmetry

A

much better for directional (forward) motion for animals moving through their environments head first

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45
Q

how do most animals reproduce

A

sexually

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46
Q

what life stage dominates life cycle typically

A

diploid stage

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47
Q

when does the sequence of inherited development begin?

A

after fertilization of an egg to form a zygote

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48
Q

cleavage

A

rapid cell division

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49
Q

morula

A

a ball of cells made through cleavage

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50
Q

blastrulation

A

formulation of a blastula

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51
Q

blastula

A

multicellular hollow ball of cells that develops into cavities for organs

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52
Q

cleavage patterns

A

radial and spiral

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53
Q

radial cleavage

A

the cleavage planes are symmetrical to the polar axis and produce layers of cells on top of each other in an early embryo

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54
Q

spiral cleavage

A

the process by which cells of the early embryo divide and spiral around the pole-to-pole axis of the embryo

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55
Q

blastocoel

A

fluid-filled space in a blastula

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56
Q

what does the blastula become in animals other than sponges?

A

the two layered stage called a gastrula with an endoderm and ectoderm

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57
Q

ectoderm

A

surrounds blastocoel

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58
Q

endoderm

A

surrounds and defines an inner body cavity called the gastrocoel

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59
Q

invagination

A

transition between blastula and gastrula

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60
Q

what does the archenteron develop into

A

the digestive system of an animal

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61
Q

archenteron

A

primitive gut in the gastrula

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62
Q

coelom

A

true body cavity

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63
Q

what are coeloms derived from

A

mesoderm

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64
Q

coelomates

A

animals that possess a true coelom

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65
Q

pseudocoelom

A

body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm

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66
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

triploblastic animals that possess a pseudocoelom

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67
Q

acoelomates

A

triploblastic animals that lack a body cavity

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68
Q

functions of a body cavity

A

-fluid cushions the suspended organs
-fluid acts like a skeleton against which muscles can work
-the cavity enables internal organs to grow and move independent of the outer body wall

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69
Q

coelomate types

A

schizocoely and enterocoely

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70
Q

schizocoely

A

mesodermal cells migrate to blastocoel

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71
Q

enterocoely

A

coelom comes from pouches off the archenteron that push outward into the blastocoel

72
Q

what do germ layers develop into

A

tissues and organs of the animal embryo

73
Q

ectoderm

A

the germ layer covering the embryo’s surface

74
Q

endoderm

A

innermost germ layer; lines the developing digestive tube (archenteron)

75
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer of cells

76
Q

diploblastic animals

A

only have ectoderm and endoderm (cnidarians and a few other groups)

77
Q

triploblastic animals

A

have ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

78
Q

types of triploblastic organisms

A

-deuterostomes
-protostomes

79
Q

deuterostomes

A

-blastopore becomes anus
-name means second mouth (mouth forms from second opening in the embryo)

80
Q

deuterostomes phyla

A

Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata

81
Q

protostomes

A

-name means first mouth (refers to the formation of the mouth from the embryo blastopore)
-anus forms secondarily

82
Q

first characteristic of phylum Cnidaria

A

contain specialized cells: cnidocytes

83
Q

cnidocytes

A

specialized cells housing nematocysts

84
Q

nematocysts

A

stinging organelles

85
Q

second characteristic of phylum Cnidaria

A

all are aquatic and mostly marine

86
Q

third characteristic of phylum Cnidaria

A

radially symmetric

87
Q

fourth characteristic of phylum Cnidaria

A

diploblastic

88
Q

germ layers of Cnidaria

A

epidermis, gastrodermis, mesoglea (extracellular nonliving matrix)

89
Q

fifth characteristic of Cnidaria

A

no coelomic cavity

90
Q

sixth characteristic of Cnidaria

A

two body types

91
Q

body types of Cnidaria

A

-free swimming medusa
-polyp form (attached)

92
Q

seventh characteristic of Cnidaria

A

incomplete gut (gastrovascular space)
-only one hole

93
Q

eighth characteristic of Cnidaria

A

hydrostatic skeleton

94
Q

ninth characteristic of Cnidaria

A

nerve net (nervous system)

95
Q

tenth characteristic of Cnidaria

A

asexual and sexual reproduction

96
Q

are Cnidaria carnivores, herbivores, omnivores, or parasites?

A

carnivores

97
Q

how do Cnidaria capture prey

A

tentacles armed with cnidocytes

98
Q

operculum

A

covers nematocyst in Cnidaria

99
Q

cnidocil

A

trigger structure that cnidocytes are equipped with in Cnidaria

100
Q

what happens after discharge of a cnidocyte?

A

another develops

101
Q

two basic body plans of Cnidaria

A

polyp and medusa

102
Q

Cnidaria polyp form

A

-hydroid form
-adaptation to a sedentary life
-tubular body with mouth directed upward and surrounded by tentacles
-attach to substratum by pedal disc
-reproduce asexually by budding, fission, or pedal laceration

103
Q

Cnidaria medusa form

A

-bell-shaped
-mouth directed downward
-tentacles may extend down

104
Q

Hydrozoa phylum

A

Cnidaria

105
Q

Hydrozoa hydra form

A

-polyp stage dominant
-bottom end has a basal or pedal disc for attachment
-ring of 6-10 hollow tentacles with cnidocytes that encircle mouth
-medusa contain Velum (shelf)
-reproduce sexually and asexually (budding)
-most are dioecious (either male or female)
-eggs and sperm shed externally

106
Q

what is the dominant stage (class Schyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria)

A

medusa

107
Q

anatomy of class Schyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria

A

-bells composed mostly of mesoglea
-lack shelf-like velum found in hydrozoan medusae
-mouth located beneath the umbrella
-manubrium forms four oval arms
-tentacles, manubrium, and often entire body may have nematocysts
-4 gastric pouches lined with nematocysts connect with the stomach

108
Q

reproductive characteristics of class Schyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria

A

-sexes are seperate
-fertilization occurs internally in the gastric pouch of the female

109
Q

development of class Schyphozoa, phylum Cnidaria

A

zygote develops into a ciliated planula larva
-attaches and develops into a schyphistoma
-schyphistoma undergoes strobilation
-forms buds called ephyrae that break loose to form jellyfish medusae

110
Q

general characteristics of class Cubozoa, phylum Cnidaria

A

-medusa form dominant
-polyp is inconspicuous or unknown
-strong, fast swimmers
-highly venomous

111
Q

anatomy of class Cubozoa, phylum Cnidaria

A

-umbrella is square (box-like)
-one or more tentacles extend from each corner
-at base of each tentacle is a pedalium

112
Q

pedalium

A

flat blade at the base of each Cubozoa tentacle

113
Q

feeding habits of class Cubozoa, phylum Cnidaria

A

-feed mostly on fish in nearshore areas
-highly venomous

114
Q

class Anthozoa phylum

A

Cnidaria

115
Q

class Anthozoa phylum Cnidaria characteristics

A

-flower animals
-polyp dominant stage; lack medusa stage
-colorful

116
Q

where do class Anthozoa live

A

marine

117
Q

how big is the class Anthozoa gastrovascular cavity?

A

large

118
Q

example of class Anthozoa

A

sea anemones

119
Q

how do sea anemone polyps compare to hydrozoan polyps?

A

larger and heavier

120
Q

where do sea anemones live?

A

-attach to shells, rocks, timber, etc with pedal discs
-some burrow in mud or sand

121
Q

sea anemone anatomy

A

-crown of tentacles surrounds flalt oral disc
-slit-shaped mouth leads to a pharynx
-gastrovascular cavity divided into six pairs of primary septa or mesenteries tissues
-when in danger, water rapidly expelled through pores as the anemone contracts to a smaller size

122
Q

types of corals

A

-soft coral
-hard corals

123
Q

characteristics of corals

A

-form sybioses with algae
-secrete a hard exoskeleton

124
Q

phylum of class Ctenophora

A

Cnidaria

125
Q

common name of class Ctenophora

A

ctenophores

126
Q

where do ctenophores live?

A

-marine in warm waters

127
Q

ctenophores anatomy

A

-8 rows of comb-like plates of cilia used for locomotion
-nearly all free-swimming, few are sessile
-no head
-luminescent
-two tentacles capture planktonic organisms by means of epidermal cells called colloblasts - no nematocysts

128
Q

what symmetry do ctenophores have?

A

radial symmetry

129
Q

are ctenophores diploblastic or triblastic?

A

diploblastic (endoderm, ectoderm)

130
Q

phylum Platyhelminthes common name

A

flatworms

131
Q

Platyhelminthes size

A

a millimeter to many meters in length

132
Q

are Platyhelminthes parasitic?

A

some free-living, some parasitic

133
Q

where do Platyhelminthes live?

A

all habitats in all biomes (topsoil may contain billions per acre)

134
Q

how are Platyhelminthes flattened?

A

dorsoventrally flattened (top to bottom)

135
Q

what is the symmetry of Platyhelminthes?

A

bilateral

136
Q

are Platyhelminthes segmented?

A

no

137
Q

are Platyhelminthes triploblastic or diploblastic?

A

triploblastic

138
Q

what type of body cavity do Platyhelminthes have

A

they are acoelomates

139
Q

characteristic of Platyhelminthes nervous system

A

highly organized

140
Q

is the Platyhelminthes gut complete or incomplete?

A

incomplete

141
Q

do Platyhelminthes demonstrate cephalization?

A

yes

142
Q

can Platyhelminthes regenerate?

A

yes

143
Q

how do Platyhelminthes reproduce?

A

asexually through fragmentation, and sexually which involves several parasitic hosts
-monoecious/cross fertilization

144
Q

what systems do Platyhelminthes lack?

A

respiratory, circulatory, skeletal

145
Q

classes of Platyhelminthes

A

Turbellaria, Trematoda, Cestoda

146
Q

what phylum is class Turbellaria under?

A

Platyhelminthes

147
Q

anatomy of Turbellaria

A

-ciliated epidermis
-mouth on ventral side of body, in the middle
-parenchyma cells fill spaces in the body
-extend the pharynx to suck up bits of food

148
Q

what do Turbellaria eat?

A

they are carnivorous and detect food with chemoreceptors

149
Q

what phylum is class Trematoda under?

A

Platyhelminthes

150
Q

how developed are Trematoda sense organs?

A

poorly developed

151
Q

Trematoda anatomy

A

-suckers for adhesion (no hooks)
-body covered by a non-ciliated tegument
-increased reproductive capacity

152
Q

Trematoda parasitic activities

A

final host usually a vertebrate

153
Q

what class are Schistosoma a part of ?

A

Trematoda

154
Q

common name of Schistosoma

A

blood flukes

155
Q

what disease do Schistosomas cause?

A

schistosomiasis

156
Q

where are Schistosomas common?

A

Africa, South America, West Indies, the Middle and far East

157
Q

what phylum are class Cestoda a part of?

A

Platyhelminthes

158
Q

anatomy of Cestoda

A

-long flat bodies with scolex
-held fast with suckers and hooks
-body covered by a non-ciliated tegument

159
Q

what is the scolex followed by in class Cestoda?

A

a linear series of reproductive units or proglottids

160
Q

does class Cestoda have a digestive system?

A

no, they absorb nutrients directly from the host’s intestine

161
Q

class Cestoda common name

A

tapeworms

162
Q

class Cestoda reproduction

A

-increased reproductive capacity
-monoecious
-some practice self-fertilization, although the norm is cross-fertilization from one proglottid to another

163
Q

class Cestoda parasitic activities

A

usually two or more intermediate hosts in the life cycle
-final host may be vertebrate or invertebrate

164
Q

Phylum Nematoda common examples

A

roundworms, hook worms, pinworms, vinegar eels, etc.

165
Q

where does phylum Nematoda live?

A

all habitats in all biomes
-topsoil may contain billions per acre

166
Q

what is Nematoda’s outer body covering made of?

A

it is a thick, noncellular cuticle, secreted by the underlying epidermis

167
Q

what kind of skeleton does Nematoda have?

A

hydrostatic skeleton

168
Q

what kind of symmetry does phylum Nematoda have?

A

bilateral symmetry

169
Q

are nematodes diploblastic or triploblastic?

A

triploblastic

170
Q

what kind of body cavity do nematodes have?

A

pseudocoelomates

171
Q

which nerve cords do nematodes have?

A

one dorsal, one ventral

172
Q

what kind of digestive system do nematodes have?

A

complete (mouth and anus are seperate)

173
Q

at kind of muscles do nematodes have?

A

longitudinal only

174
Q

reproductive characteristics of nematodes

A

seperate sexes and internal fertilization

175
Q

Nematode example

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

176
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides characteristics

A

occurs in up to 25% of people in some areas of the southeastern US
-a female Ascaris may lay 200,000 eggs a day, which pass out in host’s feces

Zoology (11 decks)

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